A and P 1 Final

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules

has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides.

White blood cells digest other cells and so would be expected to

have large numbers of lysosomes

The ligamentum nuchae

helps keep the head erect

What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?

hemidesmosomes

What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors?

hemophilia

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines

histology

The study of tissue is

histology

Chromosome pairs are called

homologous pairs

A group of water molecules are held together by

hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone? Select one: a. support b. movement c. immunity d. calcium storage e. blood cell formation

immunity

When the dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of the recessive allele in the heterozygote, it is called

incomplete dominance

Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?

increase the number of available carrier molecules

The loss of height that occurs with aging is due to compression of the

intervertebral discs.

The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly

into the bloodstream

Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells?

light microscope

In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays; and the less dense tissues appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays

light, absorb; dark, do not absorb

The medullary cavity is

lined with endosteum

which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism

stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy

the study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is

surface anatomy

which component of the autonomic nervous system is least active during resting conditions

sympathetic division

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

tendon.

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called

terminal hairs.

the targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following

the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues

In DNA replication,

the leading strand is formed as a continuous strand.

Genes on the X chromosomes are

X-linked.

Which of the following genotypes will result in a male?

XY

The lower limit of resolution of a light microscope is

0.1μm

Genes that are passed from male to male are called

Y-linked

If the amino acid coding region of a mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons.

600

A cation is

A positively charged ion

Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

Increased melanin synthesis

What is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed of primarily of living cells

stratum spinosum

What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21?

Down syndrome

there are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?

For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells

Which of the following is a function of the vertebral column?

It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

become pale.

Which of the following statements concerning membrane transport across the plasma membrane is true?

Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.

What molecule(s) cause(s) a portion of a DNA molecule to unwind for transcription?

RNA ploymerase

Which of the following events occurs last? Select one: a. Blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center. b. Cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model. c. A cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts. d. Osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage. Incorrect e. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn

a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

beta thalassemia

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in

a ligament

Which of the following is an example of how the cardiovascular system contributes to osteoporosis?

blood clotting starts repair process

An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is

Vitamin D

an organelle is

a small structure within a cell

In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use

a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Which of the following is NOT a type of burn? Select one: a. primary burn b. partial-thickness burn c. second-degree burn d. third-degree burn e. full-thickness burn

a. primary burn

Which of the following is correctly matched?

a. short bone - carpal bone

What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper and lower limbs?

achondroplasia

The minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction is called

activation energy

The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or mitochondria are all theories of _____.

aging

What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration?

albinism

What is the building block molecule of a protein?

amino acid

Chromosomes begin migrating towards poles of the cell during

anaphase

In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n

atom

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

basal cell carcinoma

Ligaments attach

bone to bone

The humerus articulates with the radius at the

capitulum.

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is

carotene

which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a sinus describe

cavity

what is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information.

cellular

the pectoral region is the

chest area

which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily shattered

collagen

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n)

compound and a molecule

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them.

DNA

contains the sugar deoxyribose

The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced.

cut the chromosome number by 1/2

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?Select one: a. transport b. support c. storage d. contraction e. insulation

d. contraction

Bone Select one: a. contains dead cells. b. is not rigid. c. does not contain protein fibers. d. has a rich blood supply. e. is avascular.

d. has a rich blood supply.

The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except: Select one: a. thinner epidermis b. reduction in collagen and elastin c. loss of fat from the subcutaneous tissue d. increases in sebaceous gland activity

d. increases in sebaceous gland activity

Another name for a bedsore is

decubitus ulcer.

When the hydrogen bonds that maintain a protein's three-dimensional shape are broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional, and is said to be

denatured

What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries

dense irregular elastic tissue

What is a disk-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

desmosomes

what technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels

digital subtraction angiography

A gene that is responsible for producing trypsin in the pancreas would be a ____ gene.

dominant

Mitochondria a. contains DNA. b. have inner and outer membranes. c. have inner folds called cristae. d. are the cell's power plants. e. All of these choices are correct

e. All of these choices are correct

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. dermis d. hypodermis e. all of these layers

e. all of these layers

Covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms.

Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.

epithelial tissue

A burn classified as partial thickness could be _____.

first or second degree

What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?

gap junction

An organism's genetic makeup is its ____ while its physical appearance is its ____.

genotype; phenotype

a major limitation of radio graphs is that they

give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body

In order to increase low blood glucose levels back to normal, the pancreas increases secretion of

glucagon

the inguinal region is commonly know as the

groin

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

gross anatomy

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

lipid-soluble substances

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome is its

locus.

A cut through the long axis of an organ is a(n)

longitudinal section

A neutral atom will become a cation if it

loses electrons.

Melanin is produced only by

melanocytes

A doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that the part of the brain was likley damaged by trauma due to a large population of which type of cell

microgila

Stratified epithelium consists of

multiple layers of cells.

which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an adjacent cell

neurotransmitter

A pseudo-unipolar neuron is characterized by the presence of

no dendrites.

A mistake during segregation of chromosomes is called

nondisjunction

Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function?

nuclear pores - allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

which of the following special sense experiences the least amount of decline as an individual ages

olfactory

During DNA replication, how does each template stand eventually become two identical DNA molecules

one strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA polymerase

which of the following generates the most ATP within a human cell

oxidation phosphorylation

Hypocalcemia results from inactive

parathyroid glands

the suffix itis mean inflammation. which of the following terms means inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity that contains the liver

peritonitis

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)

physiologist

The articulations between the radius and ulna that allow for rotation of the forearm is an example of an

pivot joint

A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation.

point

When more than one gene pair is involved in an inheritance pattern, it is called

polygenic.

An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?

portal of entry for microorganisms

Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water?

proteoglycan

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains

proteoglycans

Genes that play a role in the regulation of mitosis are called

proto-oncogenes.

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of

protons in a magnetic field

Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue.

regeneration and replacement

The structural RNA of ribosomes is a

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction

sarcomeres and myofibrils contract

What type of membranes do not open to the exterior, do not contain glands, but do secrete fluid?

serous

What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin?

sickle-cell disease

which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints

skeletal

Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?

small pelvic outlet

The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body

smooth muscle

Which of the following is not a component of a negative feedback mechanism

stabilizer

What type of cells have the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?

stem cells

Starch is the

storage carbohydrate in plants

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

store adipose tissue.

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

stratum granulosum

Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

stratum lucidum

Fingernails are comprised of:

thin, dead scaly cells

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

tightly packed cells

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n):

tissue

All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four?

triglyceride

Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called

trisomy 21

The humerus articulates with the ulna at the

trochlea

which type of axons is found in gray ramus comunicans

umpyelinated, post-ganglionic axons

A tumor discovered in the posterior orbit would most likely impact

vision