A and P 1 Final
DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules
has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides.
White blood cells digest other cells and so would be expected to
have large numbers of lysosomes
The ligamentum nuchae
helps keep the head erect
What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane?
hemidesmosomes
What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors?
hemophilia
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines
histology
The study of tissue is
histology
Chromosome pairs are called
homologous pairs
A group of water molecules are held together by
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone? Select one: a. support b. movement c. immunity d. calcium storage e. blood cell formation
immunity
When the dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of the recessive allele in the heterozygote, it is called
incomplete dominance
Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?
increase the number of available carrier molecules
The loss of height that occurs with aging is due to compression of the
intervertebral discs.
The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly
into the bloodstream
Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells?
light microscope
In an x-ray film of the skeletal system, the dense tissue areas appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays; and the less dense tissues appear ______ because they ______ the x-rays
light, absorb; dark, do not absorb
The medullary cavity is
lined with endosteum
which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism
stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy
the study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is
surface anatomy
which component of the autonomic nervous system is least active during resting conditions
sympathetic division
A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)
tendon.
At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called
terminal hairs.
the targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following
the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues
In DNA replication,
the leading strand is formed as a continuous strand.
Genes on the X chromosomes are
X-linked.
Which of the following genotypes will result in a male?
XY
The lower limit of resolution of a light microscope is
0.1μm
Genes that are passed from male to male are called
Y-linked
If the amino acid coding region of a mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons.
600
A cation is
A positively charged ion
Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.
Increased melanin synthesis
What is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed of primarily of living cells
stratum spinosum
What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21?
Down syndrome
there are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?
For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells
Which of the following is a function of the vertebral column?
It allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale.
Which of the following statements concerning membrane transport across the plasma membrane is true?
Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.
What molecule(s) cause(s) a portion of a DNA molecule to unwind for transcription?
RNA ploymerase
Which of the following events occurs last? Select one: a. Blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center. b. Cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model. c. A cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts. d. Osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage. Incorrect e. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn
a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis
Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?
beta thalassemia
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in
a ligament
Which of the following is an example of how the cardiovascular system contributes to osteoporosis?
blood clotting starts repair process
An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is
Vitamin D
an organelle is
a small structure within a cell
In order to study in detail the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use
a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Which of the following is NOT a type of burn? Select one: a. primary burn b. partial-thickness burn c. second-degree burn d. third-degree burn e. full-thickness burn
a. primary burn
Which of the following is correctly matched?
a. short bone - carpal bone
What genetic disorder is a type of dwarfism characterized by shortening of the upper and lower limbs?
achondroplasia
The minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
The presence of a cellular clock, presence of "death genes" and damage to DNA or mitochondria are all theories of _____.
aging
What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration?
albinism
What is the building block molecule of a protein?
amino acid
Chromosomes begin migrating towards poles of the cell during
anaphase
In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.
anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n
atom
Which type of skin cancer is the most common?
basal cell carcinoma
Ligaments attach
bone to bone
The humerus articulates with the radius at the
capitulum.
The four most abundant elements in the human body are
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is
carotene
which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a sinus describe
cavity
what is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information.
cellular
the pectoral region is the
chest area
which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily shattered
collagen
A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n)
compound and a molecule
A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them.
DNA
contains the sugar deoxyribose
The process of meiosis will _____ as the gametes are produced.
cut the chromosome number by 1/2
Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?Select one: a. transport b. support c. storage d. contraction e. insulation
d. contraction
Bone Select one: a. contains dead cells. b. is not rigid. c. does not contain protein fibers. d. has a rich blood supply. e. is avascular.
d. has a rich blood supply.
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except: Select one: a. thinner epidermis b. reduction in collagen and elastin c. loss of fat from the subcutaneous tissue d. increases in sebaceous gland activity
d. increases in sebaceous gland activity
Another name for a bedsore is
decubitus ulcer.
When the hydrogen bonds that maintain a protein's three-dimensional shape are broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional, and is said to be
denatured
What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries
dense irregular elastic tissue
What is a disk-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?
desmosomes
what technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels
digital subtraction angiography
A gene that is responsible for producing trypsin in the pancreas would be a ____ gene.
dominant
Mitochondria a. contains DNA. b. have inner and outer membranes. c. have inner folds called cristae. d. are the cell's power plants. e. All of these choices are correct
e. All of these choices are correct
If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. dermis d. hypodermis e. all of these layers
e. all of these layers
Covalent bonds form when
electrons are shared between two atoms.
Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.
epithelial tissue
A burn classified as partial thickness could be _____.
first or second degree
What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells?
gap junction
An organism's genetic makeup is its ____ while its physical appearance is its ____.
genotype; phenotype
a major limitation of radio graphs is that they
give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body
In order to increase low blood glucose levels back to normal, the pancreas increases secretion of
glucagon
the inguinal region is commonly know as the
groin
Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?
gross anatomy
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
lipid-soluble substances
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome is its
locus.
A cut through the long axis of an organ is a(n)
longitudinal section
A neutral atom will become a cation if it
loses electrons.
Melanin is produced only by
melanocytes
A doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that the part of the brain was likley damaged by trauma due to a large population of which type of cell
microgila
Stratified epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells.
which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an adjacent cell
neurotransmitter
A pseudo-unipolar neuron is characterized by the presence of
no dendrites.
A mistake during segregation of chromosomes is called
nondisjunction
Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function?
nuclear pores - allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
which of the following special sense experiences the least amount of decline as an individual ages
olfactory
During DNA replication, how does each template stand eventually become two identical DNA molecules
one strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA polymerase
which of the following generates the most ATP within a human cell
oxidation phosphorylation
Hypocalcemia results from inactive
parathyroid glands
the suffix itis mean inflammation. which of the following terms means inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity that contains the liver
peritonitis
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)
physiologist
The articulations between the radius and ulna that allow for rotation of the forearm is an example of an
pivot joint
A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation.
point
When more than one gene pair is involved in an inheritance pattern, it is called
polygenic.
An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?
portal of entry for microorganisms
Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water?
proteoglycan
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains
proteoglycans
Genes that play a role in the regulation of mitosis are called
proto-oncogenes.
Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of
protons in a magnetic field
Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue.
regeneration and replacement
The structural RNA of ribosomes is a
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction
sarcomeres and myofibrils contract
What type of membranes do not open to the exterior, do not contain glands, but do secrete fluid?
serous
What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin?
sickle-cell disease
which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints
skeletal
Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?
small pelvic outlet
The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body
smooth muscle
Which of the following is not a component of a negative feedback mechanism
stabilizer
What type of cells have the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?
stem cells
Starch is the
storage carbohydrate in plants
Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to
store adipose tissue.
In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?
stratum granulosum
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?
stratum lucidum
Fingernails are comprised of:
thin, dead scaly cells
Epithelial tissue is characterized by
tightly packed cells
An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials which performs a discrete function is known as a(n):
tissue
All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four?
triglyceride
Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called
trisomy 21
The humerus articulates with the ulna at the
trochlea
which type of axons is found in gray ramus comunicans
umpyelinated, post-ganglionic axons
A tumor discovered in the posterior orbit would most likely impact
vision