Research Quiz 3: Qualitative Research

What are two important steps in qualitative research?

-Define the population sample -Decide on the location for data collection

To avoid threats to validity, a researcher must identify, plan for, and control what?

Extraneous variables

What is the action research qualitative method?

Facilitating participant driven problem solving with action.

What are threats to internal validity?

Selection History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Mortality Fidelity Statistical

what are threats to external validity?

Selection Reactivity Measurement Fidelity

what are examples of survey studies?

descriptive exploratory compartive

what should be considered when estimating sample size?

design of study type of sampling procedure used cost of collecting data

which type of study is also longitudinal, ex post facto, prospective, case-control, cohort and time perspective?

developmental

when should the selection of data collection methods occur?

during the literature review

what are the 3 parts in compromises in design?

ethics feasibility strength of inference

using a quota sampling technique introduces what type of bias?

external validity

what are the two different kinds of visual inference that meta-analysis uses?

funnel plot forrest plot

What is a potential disadvantage of longitudinal studies?

hawthorne effect

A research study was underway looking at the frequency of mammograms in perimenopausal women. During the study, a celebrity was diagnosed with breast cancer. The effect of this event on the research findings is called what?

history

what is fedility?

how well interventions in a study are described and applied

A researcher decides to use six people to help collect data for a quantitative study. What is a potential threat to the internal validity of this study?

instrumentation

the degree of consistency in data collection between 2 investigators is called what?

interrater reliability

nonexperimental studies provide what type of evidence?

level IV

what are observable variables?

measured by counting, using rulers, thermometers

what are latent variables?

measured by observing behavior and/or asking questions and applying instruments

Nonexperimental designs are used to test relationships among _____________.

variables

when is purposive sampling useful?

when a highly unusual group is being studied

when is bias introduced into a study?

when sample selection is carried out inconsistently

What are the limitations with a qualitative study?

-Naturalistic setting -Emergent nature of design -Researcher participant interaction -Researcher as instrument -You can't control for any of the variables

What are some qualitative methods?

-Phenomenological -Grounded theory -Ethnography -Case study -Historical -Narrative inquiry -Action research

The nurse researcher randomly selects subjects in order to avoid what?

Bias

what is CI95?

CI95 is the 95% confidence interval for where that effect size might lie in the population the sample was drawn from

what are the advantages of evidence based approach?

Clinical relevance of results is much easier to interpret Unlike the all or nothing approach of p-values, providers can decide for themselves if they want to act on a large effect that is imprecise Effects are easy to summarize and meta-analyze across studies

What are the key terms that are associated with qualitative research?

Credibility: truth of findings Auditability: step by step accountability Fittingness: faithfullness to the participant reality Saturation: No new information

The nurse researcher should strive for subjects to demonstrate homogeneity with respect for which variables?

Extraneous

what is covariance?

Degree to which measures of the independent and dependent variable covary, or 'move together', across subjects in a sample, or within subjects over time

what does it mean if the p>0.05? high

Effect was too small Error was too large Too few observations were made No effect actually exists

What is the narrative inquiry qualitative method?

Explores how language reflects social worlds of people and constitutes participants identities.

What is a sampling?

Group of people who will be interviewed or observed

what is a experimental study?

Independent variable controlled Exposure to independent variable controlled (i.e., randomized)

what is a quasi experimental study?

Independent variable controlled Exposure to independent variable not controlled (self or researcher selected)

what is a non experimental study?

Independent variable not controlled Exposure to independent variable not controlled

What is the phenomenological qualitative method?

Learning and constructing the meaning of an experience.

What are common words associated with phenomenological methods?

Lived space (spatiality) Lived body (corporeality) Lived time (temporality) Human relations (relationality)

What is the case study qualitative method?

Recognizing commonalities and differences of a specific case (selective mutism on emergence)

What are the key terms that are associated with quantitative research?

Reliability Validity (internal and external) Sampling

what is internal validity?

The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects.

what is external validity?

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or environments

what is inference?

The process of analyzing the data to determine if it supports the assertion (hypothesis) that the independent and dependent variables are related

what is the name of the process that protects the rights of subjects who have been observed without their knowledge?

defriefing

What is the grounded theory qualitative method?

This is the most qualitative method of study that is used in healthcare. This develops a theory on social process and is a constant-comparative method. It is often appleid when a phenomenon is unexplored.

What is the historical qualitative method?

To describe, explain or understand impact of a past event.

what is the goal of a design?

To exert the maximum control and allow the minimum bias given the ethical and feasibility constraints of the study!

What is qualitative research?

Understanding the human experience per participants. Based on philosophy, Follows a process but components vary

What is the ethnography qualitative method?

Understanding the participants insider (emic) view in comparison to the outsiders (etic) view. (getting the inside view by acting as one of the participants)

what does it mean if the p<0.05? low

Unlikely that observed effect is due to sampling error Effect is big enough to stand up under resampling (replication)

what is comparative analysis?

Used when EITHER the dependent or dependent variable can be used to break the sample into groups that can be compared

what is correlational analysis?

Used when NEITHER the independent nor dependent variable can be used to break the sample into groups that can be compared

What do we use qualitative research?

When something is not understood yet, when a phenomena is not yet developed.

how can consistency in data collection be ensured?

by collecting data from each subject in the same way

what are other names for retrospective studies?

case-cohort ex post facto

what type of sampling is an example of probability sampling?

cluster

what are delimination factors?

conditions that have no effect on whether or not the subject was used in a study

what is the most common form of sampling?

convenience

which sampling strategy is considered to have the greatest risk of bias?

convenience

what types of sampling are examples of nonprobability sampling?

convenience, quota, purposive

what are examples of relationship difference studies?

correlational developmental cross-sectional

what is a typical sample size for qualitative research?

not usually more than 30

what is descriptive analysis?

numerically or graphically depicted data

what does phase 1 of meta analysis include?

outcome data sample sizes

what does phase 2 of a meta analysis include?

pooled average result decision regarding calculation

does probability or nonprobability sampling result in a representative sample?

probability

What are other names for longitudinal studies?

prospective cohort repeated measures

what is the most important characteristic of a sample?

representativeness

which sampling technique is considered laborious in terms of drawing a sample?

simple random and stratified random

using random numbers to select a sample from a list of possible subjects is called what?

simply random sampling

what is the advantage of surveys?

small number of subjects can provide accurate info

what type of study is a comparative study?

survey

what is the purpose of establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria?

to control for potential bias

What is the aim of quantitative studies?

to infer (estimate) a population parameter, measured with a single variable or between variables

what is biological measurement?

uses specialized equipment to determine physical and biological characteristics of subjects