A & P 2 - Chapter 24 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

False

Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. True/ False

A negative water balance.

Prolonged exposure to cold weather can lead to ____________________________.

A weak base.

Binds little H+ and has a weak effect of pH.

Respiratory loss Perspiration

Prolonged, heavy work increases which of the following? Select all that apply. Urine Fecal matter Respiratory loss Perspiration

-NH2; -COOH

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their____side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their _____ side groups.

True

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. True/ False

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Aldosterone receptors are found on cells of?

repiratory acidosis.

Emphysema can lead to ____________________________.

metabolic alkalosis.

Excessive intake of antacids can lead to ___________________.

Osmoreceptors

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called _______________________.

True

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors. True/ False

True

In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal. True/ False

The calcium of the body fluids

Is not a significant component of nucleic acids

drinking; urine.

Most body water comes from_____, whereas most body water is lost via_____.

False

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. True/ False

Urine Cutaneous transpiration Expired breath Feces Sweat (at an ambient temp of 20C/ 68F)

Rank the following routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume. -Cutaneous transpiration -Expired breath -Urine -Feces -Sweat (at an ambient temp of 20C/ 68F)

pH

Slight deviations from the body's normal __________ range can shut down metabolic pathways as well as alter the structure and function of other macromolecules. Buffer systems help avoid this.

Expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory sytem, which __________________.

False

The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive and respiratory. True/ False

Urine volume

Water output is significantly controlled through variation in _____________________.

A drop in blood osmolarity.

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with?

1. Sensible water loss 2. Obligatory water loss 3. Insensible water loss

Match - Description of Water Loss 1. Water Loss through urine and invisible sweat 2. Water loss through minimal urine formation; expired air; cutaneous transpiration; fecal moisture 3. Water loss through the breath and cutaneous transpiration -Insensible Water Loss -Obligatory Water Loss -Sensible Water Loss

ADH release is inhibited.

When blood volume and pressure are too high _____________________________.

reabsorb sodium

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ________________ at the same time.

ADH

Which hormone has the largest effect on plasma sodium concentration?

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone plays a major role in calcium homeostasis? -Parathyroid hormone -Thyroid hormone -Aldosterone -ADH

Aldosterone

Which is referred to as the "salt retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?

Aldosterone

Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

Excretion of phosphate

Increases free calcium ions in the ECF?

Albumin.

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma?

Hemoglobin.

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes?

respiratory acidosis.

Breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to _________________________.

hormones.

Calcium concentration is regulated by ____________________.

Na+

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of_____ homeostasis.

True

Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. True/ False

Sodium

What is the principal cation of the ECF? Sodium Potassium Phosphate Chloride

True

Choride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. True/ False

metabolic alkalosis.

Chronic vomiting can lead to ________________________.

Resists changes in pH

A buffer can be generally defined as a mechanism that does which of the following? -Resists changes in pH -Amplifies changes in pH -Catalyzes biological reactions -Provides energy for a cell

False

A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. True/ False

balance

A person is in a state of fluid __________ when daily gains and losses are equal. We typically gain and lose about 2,500 mL/day.

False. (respiratory or urinary system)

A physiological buffer is a system, namely the digestive system, that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2. True/ False

Cells are hyperpolarized.

A state of hypokalemia ?

exchanges K+ for Na+

An antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells _________________________.

Promotes water conservation.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Stimulates angiotensin II secretion. -Promotes water conservation. -Stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. -Inhibits salivation and thirst. -Targets the cerebral cortex.

False

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. True/ False

hemorrhages

Decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity ?

ADH; increasing water reabsorption.

Dehydration results in increased blood and ECF osmolarity, this makes osmoreceptors stimulate ___ secretion by the hypothalamus __________ _____ ____________in the DCT and CD.

High blood sodium concentration.

Does not stimulate aldosterone secretion

Na+

Hypernatremia is a plasma___concentration above normal.

a reduction in plasma volume

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except

False

Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus. True/ False

Aldosterone hyposecretion.

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except from?

True

Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. True/ False

True

Hypovolemia refers to a deduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity True/ False

Potassium

Imbalances of which ion are the most dangerous of all electrolyte balances? Chloride Phosphate Magnesium Potassium

they are consumed by neutralizing H+.

In a person with normal acid-base balance, there are no bicarbonate ions in urine because __________________. -They are consumed by neutralizing H+. -They are reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells. -They are exchanged for CO2. -They are exchanged for CL-. -They rapidly diffuse into the renal tubule cells.

secreting more ammonia.

In acidosis, the kidneys compensate by _______________________.

Hyperpolarized; Depresses

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is _____________, which __________ the central nervous system.

Tissue (interstitial) fluid

In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema?

Antidiuretic hormone

Increased blood osmolarity stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. This triggers the posterior pituitary to release which of the following?

65% - Intracellular fluid 25% - Tissue (interstitial) fluid 8% - Blood plasma and lymph 2% - Trancellular fluid

Match each fluid compartment with the percentage of the body water that it contains. -65% -25% -8% -2% -Blood plasma and lymph -Intracellular fluid -Tissue (interstitial) fluid -Trancellular fluid

Hypotonic hydration - body water is elevated; ECF remains hypotonic. Volume excess- Total body water is elevated; ECF remains isotonic. Hypovolemia- Total body water is reduced; ECF remains isotonic. Dehydration-Total body water is elevated; ECF becomes hypertonic.

Match each form of fluid imbalance to its description. -Hypotonic hydration -Volume excess -Hypovolemia -Dehydration Match each of the options above to the items below. -Total body water is reduced; ECF remains isotonic. -Total body water is reduced; ECF becomes hypertonic. -Total body water is elevated; ECF remains isotonic. -Total body water is elevated; ECF becomes hypotonic.

the intracellular fluid (ICF)

Most of the body water is in ________________________. -the intracellular fluid (ICF) -the extracellular fluid (ECF) -tissue (interstitial) fluid -blood plasma and lymph -the transcellular fluid

the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by ______________________________.

Fluid compartments

The blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and transcellular fluid are all examples of which of the following? -Fluid compartments -Aqueous humors -Interstitial fluid -Metabolic water

form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.

The inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids __________________________________________________________.

True

The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system. True/ False

False

The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration. True/ False

Bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein.

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___________, _________, and _______systems.

Sodium

The most abundant solute particles are electrolytes, especially potassium in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and _________ in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

proteins

The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by ____________.

Hypokalemia

The potassium imbalance known as ____________ is a plasma concentration of potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L.

True

The renal tubules secrete H+ into the tubular fluid, where most of it binds to bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers. True/ False

40 L.

The total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male is about ______.

Resting membrane potential is more negative.

These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except:

K+

This is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume.

Cl-

This is the most abundant anion of the ECF.

K+

This is the most abundant cation of the ICF.

Na+ (Sodium)

This is the principal cation of the ECF.

7.35 - 7.45

Tissue fluid normally has a pH of _________.

True

Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. True/ False

-It's involved in generating body heat via the Na-K pump -It participates in muscle and nerve depolarization -It participates in cotransport of glucose, K+ and Ca+

Which of the following are important functions of sodium? Select all that apply. -It's involved in generating body heat via the Na-K pump -Is used as an important fuel source for cellular respiration -It participates in muscle and nerve depolarization -It participates in cotransport of glucose, K+ and Ca+

Blood and volume pressure are too high Blood osmolarity is too low

Which of the following inhibit ADH release? Select all that apply. Blood volume and pressure are too high Blood volume and pressure are too low Blood osmolarity is too high Blood osmolarity is too low

Respiratory alkalosis

Which of the following results when CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced (for example, during hyperventilation)? -Respiratory alkalosis -Respiratory acidosis -Metabolic acidosis -Metabolic alkalosis

pH

Which property of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions? Osmolarity Pressure Temperature pH

Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Natriuretic peptides

Which regulate sodium homeostasis? Select all that apply. -Aldosterone -Calcitriol -Parathyroid hormone -Antidiuretic hormone -Natriuretic Peptides

Aldosterone

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of ___________________.

CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+

___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.

Na+

_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.