A & P Chapter 26- Nutrition and Metabolism (Saladin)

The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when _______ becomes available again.

oxygen

The mineral that is a key structural component of phospholipids, ATP, cAMP, GTP, and creatine phosphate is:

phosphorous

The process called _______ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation

Most dietary carbohydrates come from:

plant-based foods

A carbohydrate molecules comprised of many glucose monomers is a:

polysaccharide

During the ______ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of keton bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose

postabsorptive

Define gluconeogenesis.

production of glucose form non-carbohydrates

If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use the macromolecule _______ as fuel.

protein

On average _____ constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass.

protein

Our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of macromolecules called _______.

proteins

In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to ________ acid, thus reducing it to _______ acid and regenerating NAD.

pyruvic; lactic

The recommended intake of the nutrient ______ is 1.5g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5g/day.

sodium

State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range.

thermoregulation

Describe the role of lipoprotein lipase.

to hydrolyze triglycerides in lipoproteins

______ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

transamination

The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called _______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids.

unsaturated

______ fats (containing fatty acids with double bonds within their carbon chains) predominate in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils.

unsaturated

Describe when cells, such as muscle cells, undergo anaerobic fermentation.

when no oxygen is available

Choose the number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration if starting with one glucose molecule.

-28 ATP from the electron transport chain -2 ATP from glycolysis -2 ATP from citric acid cycle

The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:

-ATP -carbon dioxide -water

List the vitamins that act as antioxidants.

-Vitamin A -Vitamin E -Vitamin C

Match each mineral with an example of its role in the body.

-calcium and phosphorous: bone salts -sodium: action potentials -iron: hemoglobin, myoglobin -magnesium: cofactor for enzymes -chloride: in stomach acid

List the major classes of nutrients.

-carbohydrates -proteins -minerals -vitamins -water -lipids

List the end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose.

-carbon dioxide -water -ATP

Identify the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite.

-cholecystokinin -ghrelin -peptide YY

Match the type of heat loss with its mechanism.

-conduction: heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer -radiation: emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer -evaporation: heat dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules

List three examples of proteins in the body.

-enzymes -hemoglobin -keratin

List the reasons that fat is superior to carbohydrates for energy storage.

-fat is a more compact energy storage substance (more energy per gram) -fat is hydrophobic and contains almost no water

List examples of carbohydrates.

-glucose -glycogen -sucrose

List the three pathways by which glucose can be catabolized.

-glycolysis -aerobic respiration -anaerobic fermentation

List some factors that can lead to variation in set point for weight in humans.

-hereditary factors -exercise habits -eating habits

Match the liver disorder with its description.

-jaundice: yellowing of skin/eyes due to buildup of bilirubin -hepatitis: inflammation of the liver, usually viral -cirrhosis: irreversible inflammatory disease of liver with scarring

List some essential fatty acids.

-linolenic acid -linoleic acid -arachidonic acid

List lipoproteins found in the body.

-low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins -very low-density lipoproteins -chylomicrons

List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.

-monosaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides

Name the peptides that function in long term appetite regulation.

-neuropeptide Y -leptin -insulin

List examples of foods that contain water soluble fiber.

-pectin -brown rice -fruit

List examples of lipids.

-phospholipids -cholesterol -triglycerides

Which are components of lipoproteins? Choose all that apply.

-proteins -lipids

Which are effects of insulin?

-stimulates glucose oxidation, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis -inhibits gluconeogenesis

Which are dietary disaccharides?

-sucrose -maltose -lactose

List compounds for which cholesterol is a precursor.

-testosterone -estrogen -vitamin D -bile acids

List factors involved in the process of protein synthesis.

-transfer RNA -ribosomes -messenger RNA -deoxyribose nucleic acids

List situations in which ketoacidosis may occur:

-untreated diabetes mellitus -during pregnancy -during starvation -with a low carbohydrate diet

List four examples of essential nutrients.

-water -most vitamins -minerals -calcium

Rank the events of cellular respiration in the correct order:

1. Glycolysis 2. Transition reaction (formation of acetyl CoA) 3. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle 4. Electron transport chain

Vitamin ____ has an important role in calcium balance.

D

List the fat-soluble vitamins.

E; D; K; A

The ______ cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.

Krebs

The total sum of BMR and energy expenditure for voluntary activities, especially muscular contractions is called:

TMR (total metabolic rate)

True or False: Elevated consumption of salt increases the risk of hypertension.

True

Define amination.

addition of NH2 to a molecule

List the components of an ATP molecule.

adenine; phosphate; ribose

The process of _______ is the addition of an amino group to a molecule.

amination

In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines _______ with carbon dioxide to produce ______, a less toxic waste.

ammonia; urea

Deamination is the removal of ______ group from an organic molecule.

an amino

Define hypothermia.

an excessively low body temperature

_______ products provide high-quality complete protein, whereas ______ proteins are incomplete.

animal; plant

The ______, located in the hypothalamus, is an important brain center for appetite regulation.

arcuate nucleus

Define glycogenolysis.

breakdown of glycogen

_______ is the term used to describe an extreme wasting due to altered metabolism and loss of appetite (anorexia).

cachexia

The mineral ______ is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function.

calcium

By definition, one ______ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

Because the class of nutrients called ______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

carbohydrates

Name the major function of carbohydrates in the body.

cellular fuel

_______ are lipoproteins formed in the absorptive cells of the small intestine that serve to carry dietary fats from the intestine to the body's cells.

chylomicrons

Proteins are classified as ______ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance.

complete

Describe what happens to pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen.

completes aerobic respiration

The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as ________ temperature.

core

Glycolysis occurs in the _______ of the cell.

cytosol

Before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose, the process of ______ must occur.

deamination

High dietary intake of cholesterol causes the liver to _______ its rate of synthesis of cholesterol.

decrease

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "_______ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.

empty

Name the group of fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet.

essential

Many chemical reactions release heat. These are referred to as _______ chemical reactions.

exergonic

Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or _______-soluble.

fat

Define beta oxidation.

fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups

Describe when the absorptive state occurs.

for several hours during and after a meal

During the postabsorptive state, ______ acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids.

glucagon

The process called ______ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids.

gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen is called _______.

glycogenesis

With carbohydrate metabolism, the process of ______ yields a net of 2 ATP.

glycolysis

The painful muscle spasms that result from excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running a mile and not drinking water would be described as a:

heat cramps

Name the brain region that monitors and regulates body temperature.

hypothalamus

Dietary proteins classified as ______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.

incomplete

Water-_______ fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

insoluble

The absorptive state is regulated largely by _______, which is secreted in response to elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels.

insulin

One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietetics and a ______ in biochemistry.

kilocalorie

Animals with a deficiency in the appetite-controlling substance called _______ exhibit hyperphagia (overeating) and extreme obesity.

leptin

The term _______ refers to the synthesis of fats.

lipogenesis

Apathy, depression, and prolonged starvation will _______ total metabolic rate.

lower

The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is called ______.

lypolysis

_______ rate refers to the amount of energy released per unit of time (kcal/h or kcal/day).

metabolic

______ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

metabolism

Name the inorganic nutrient type that plants pull from soil or water and introduce into the food web:

minerals

The term _______ refers to a single carbohydrate unit. An example would be a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose.

monosaccharide

______ is a hormone secreted by the appetite-regulating neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is a potent appetite stimulant.

neuropeptide Y

Define nitrogen balance.

nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion

By definition, a _______ is any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body.

nutrient

A Calorie (capital C) and a kilocalorie (kcal) are both equivalent to _______ calories.

one thousand