A & P Chapter 4

Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a hemidesmosome?

A

Describe the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue. (Module 4.11B)

Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.

Describe the simplest type of unicellular exocrine gland. (Module 4.9B)

Goblet cell; this cell is scattered among absorptive cells in the intestines

What properties are common to keratinized epithelia? (Module 4.5C)

Keratinized epithelia are both tough and water resistant.

________ epithelium is found lining the anus and vagina.

Stratified squamous

________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.

Tendons; ligaments

Describe the changes in appearance of the transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder as stretching occurs. (Module 4.6C

The cells become flatter.

Describe the appearance of simple columnar epithelial cells in a sectional view. (Module 4.7A)

They appear columnar with an elongated nucleus close to the basement membrane.

Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelial cells in sectional view. (Module 4.6A)

They appear like a cube, as tall as they are wide, with the nucleus centered in the middle of the cell.

What do a mesothelium and an endothelium have in common? (Module 4.5A)

They both are simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false?

They cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

What is the functional significance of gap junctions? (Module 4.4B)

They permit chemical communication (diffusion of ions and small molecules) that coordinates the activities of adjacent cells.

________ epithelium is found in the ureter.

Transitional

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma.

What function is served by motile cilia on epithelial cell surfaces? (Module 4.3C)

propel material across the cell surface

List four essential functions of epithelial tissue. (Module 4.3A)

provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions

What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?

red blood cells

The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue

reticular connective

Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for

secretion.

Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A)

specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

The ________ epithelium is found in the large pancreatic ducts

stratified columnar

The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by ________ epithelium

stratified cuboidal

All of the following types of epithelium can be found where absorption or secretion takes place except

stratified squamous.

What term means the fibrous supporting network formed of reticular fibers? (Module 4.11D)

stroma

What three characteristics are used to describe multicellular exocrine glands? (Module 4.9A)

structure of the duct, shape of the secretory area, and relationship between the duct and secretory areas

Functions of epithelia include all of the following except

supporting muscle cells.

Goblet cells are classified as

unicellular exocrine glands.

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina.

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

apocrine

Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?

apocrine

DNA mutation and development of cancerous cells are less dangerous in epithelial tissue than in connective tissue because epithelia

are avascular.

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

areolar connective tissue.

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic.

The dominant fiber type in most dense connective tissue is

collagen.

Which type of tissue fills internal spaces of the body?

connective

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

endocrine

The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called

endothelium.

Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.

enzymes; hormones

What types of phagocytic cells are present in connective tissue proper? (Module 4.11E)

fixed and free macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils

Two classes of macrophages include

fixed macrophages and free macrophages

Blood belongs to which of the following types of connective tissue?

fluid connective tissue

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found

forming the kidney tubules.

Which type of glands secret their products by exocytosis?

merocrine

All of the following are fixed cells of connective tissue proper, except

mesenchymal cells.

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

mesothelium.

Epithelial cells lining the internal passageways of the genitourinary tract usually have ________ at their free surface.

microvilli

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

mucus.

Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?

muscle

Which type of tissue conducts electrical impulses?

neural

Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as

neuroepithelia

Antibodies are produced by

plasma cells

________ epithelium is found inside the eyes.

Simple squamous

Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 is very abundant in cardiac muscle?

D

What functions are associated with a simple cuboidal epithelium and a transitional epithelium? (Module 4.6D)

A simple cuboidal epithelium is associated with secretion and absorption, and a transitional epithelium is associated with stretching.

________ connective tissue is a type of ________ connective tissue.

Adipose; loose

Explain why a pseudostratified epithelium is not truly stratified. (Module 4.7B)

All the cells form a single layer and contact the basement membrane.

Why do the pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina have a similar epithelial organization? (Module 4.5B)

All these sites are subject to physical stresses and abrasio

Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates a tight junction?

B

How do epithelial tissues obtain needed nutrients? (Module 4.4C)

Blood vessels travel through underlying tissues to provide nutrients.

Which of the labels in Figure 4-1 indicates an adhesion belt?

C

________ are transmembrane proteins that connect two cell membranes together.

Cell adhesion molecules

________ secrete hormones and prohormones in the interstitial fluid, which later enters blood.

Endocrine glands

Describe the two primary types of glands. (Module 4.8A)

Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.

What is a tissue? (Module 4.1B)

a group of similar cells and their cell products

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

Which type of loose connective tissue contains primarily lipids? (Module 4.11C)

adipose tissue

Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. Some of these cells are termed plasma cells, while their proteins are called

antibodies.

Which structures separate epithelial tissue from connective tissue?

basement membranes

All of the following are connective tissue proper, except

cartilage.

The three types of connective tissue include

connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

contraction

Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are

dense irregular connective tissues.

Which of the following cellular structures locks the terminal webs of neighboring cells to prevent cell distortion and leakage?

desmosomes

Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue.

epithelial

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Which type of tissue covers exposed surfaces of the body?

epithelial

What two types of tissues contribute to the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane? (Module 4.4D)

epithelial and connective tissue

Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably

epithelium.

Cells that are specialized for secretion

exhibit polarity.

Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

fibroblasts

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

male reproductive tract.

Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to th

heart and blood vessels.

Give the term for the "study of tissues." (Module 4.1A)

histology

Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.

interstitial fluid; ductless; ducts

The epithelial tissue that covers skin is classified as

keratinized stratified squamous.

Simple columnar epithelia are found

lining the gallbladder.

Transitional epithelium is found

lining the urinary bladder.

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

macrophages

What is the main function of mesenchymal cells?

make new connective tissue cells

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind round pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

simple alveolar (acinar).

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as

simple coiled tubular.

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.

simple squamous

The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called

simple squamous.

Gap junctions can be found in all of the following tissues except

skeletal muscle.

What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"? (Module 4.12A)

the packing or volume of fibers

Motile cilia cover the free surface of

the respiratory tract.

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

tight junctions

Identify the various types of epithelial intercellular connections. (Module 4.4A)

tight junctions, adhesion belts, gap junctions, and desmosomes

Identify the epithelium that lines the urinary bladder, and describe its unusual functional characteristic. (Module 4.6B)

transitional epithelium, allows for repeated stretching and recoiling back to its original shape

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

transporting substances throughout the body.