A & P II exam 4 ( chapters 22-23)

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole A) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 B) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 D) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6 E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class? A) IgM B) IgD C) IgG D) IgE E) IgA

IgM

A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness? A) Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles. B) Pressure changes too fast and the carbon dioxide in the blood forms bubbles. C) Pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells. D) The gas in the SCUBA tank had too much pressure and rapid ascent forces too much air into the blood. E) Pressure increases too fast and too much oxygen enters the blood and forms bubbles.

Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) the respiratory minute volume would increase. B) alveolar ventilation would increase. C) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. D) a person would stop breathing. E) tidal volumes would decrease.

a person would stop breathing.

While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from A) an obstruction in the bronchi. B) a bruised diaphragm. C) decreased surfactant production. D) a pneumothorax. E) a collapsed trachea.

a pneumothorax.

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? A) naturally acquired passive immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) innate immunity D) naturally acquired active immunity E) artificially acquired passive immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) carbon dioxide. B) bicarbonate ion. C) sodium ion. D) hemoglobin. E) oxygen.

carbon dioxide.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. B) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate. C) causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax. D) reduces movement of the epiglottis. E) reduces the size of the pleural cavity.

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation A) causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax. B) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. C) reduces movement of the epiglottis. D) reduces the size of the pleural cavity. E) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate.

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the A) thoracic sinus. B) cisterna chyli. C) thoracic trunk. D) hilum. E) thoracic ventricle.

cisterna chyli.

Name the primary muscles of inspiration. A) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) internal intercostal muscles and external intercostal muscles D) rectus abdominis and transversus thoracis E) serratus anterior and rectus abdominus

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

External respiration involves the A) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. B) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism. C) diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment. D) exchange of dissolved gases between the cells and interstitial fluids. E) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration? A) during internal respiration B) during external respiration C) when the chloride shift occurs D) during pulmonary ventilation E) immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood

during external respiration

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A) has swollen lymph nodes. B) is feeling achy. C) has a sore throat. D) is running a fever. E) is producing T lymphocytes.

is running a fever.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. D) there is less resistance to air flow. E) it dries out the mouth.

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen? A) epithelial cells; endocrine cells B) red blood cells; macrophages C) blood cells; lymphocytes D) lymphocytes; epithelial reticular cells E) lymphocytes; red blood cells

lymphocytes; red blood cells

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are A) located primarily in the large intestine. B) part of the fenestrated capillary group. C) located throughout the body. D) necessary for the transport of dietary lipids. E) more numerous than blood capillaries.

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. A) helper T B) thymus C) plasma D) NK E) liver

plasma

T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located B) thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed C) trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin D) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived E) top-located; bottom-located

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. A) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 C) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2 D) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6 E) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

Which of the following are not present prior to birth? A) Rib cage is compressed. B) Pulmonary arterial resistance is high. C) Lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid. D) Alveoli are expanded. E) Pulmonary vessels are collapsed.

Alveoli are expanded.

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s). A) apneustic B) DRG and VRG C) pneumotaxic D) ventral respiratory E) expiratory

DRG and VRG

________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too. A) Eupnea B) Vital breathing C) Passive breathing D) Costal breathing E) Forced breathing

Forced breathing

Which is not a reason gas exchange is efficient at the blood air barrier? A) Surface area is large. B) Partial pressure differences are substantial. C) Gases are lipid soluble. D) Distance is short. E) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement.

Gap junctions facilitate fast movement.

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus. A) IgD B) IgG C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE

IgG

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgG. B) IgA. C) IgD. D) IgE. E) IgM.

IgG.

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? A) IgG; IgM B) IgA; IgG C) IgE; IgA D) IgD; IgE E) IgM; IgG

IgM; IgG

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? A) It increases twice the amount of the increase in volume. B) It decreases. C) It increases. D) It remains constant. E) It increases and possibly damages the lungs.

It decreases.

Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. B) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through. C) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. D) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. E) The nasopharynx is superior.

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of A) memory B cells. B) plasma cells. C) neutrophils. D) NK cells. E) suppressor T cells.

NK cells.

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) solubility of oxygen in plasma. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) PN2 of the alveoli. D) PO2 of the alveoli. E) thickness of the respiratory membrane.

PN2 of the alveoli.

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of A) B lymphocytes B) NK cells C) T cells D) neutrophils E) red blood cells

T cells

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. E) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum.

The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens

Tonsils

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when A) a virus-infected cell secretes interferons. B) an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen. C) a helper T cell has engulfed an antigen. D) the body cells are healthy. E) a cancerous cell gets attacked by NK cells.

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by A) aspirin. B) anti-rheumatic drugs. C) immunosuppressive drugs. D) interferons. E) antihistamines.

antihistamines.

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result. A) artificially acquired passive immunity; will have B) naturally acquired active immunity; will have C) naturally acquired passive immunity; will have D) artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have E) naturally acquired active immunity; will not have

artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

The production of autoantibodies generally causes A) allergic reactions and immunodeficiency diseases. B) autoimmune diseases. C) allergic reactions. D) a normal immune response. E) immunodeficiency diseases.

autoimmune diseases.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except A) swelling of the inflamed tissue. B) heat of the inflamed tissue. C) redness of the inflamed tissue. D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. E) chemotaxis of phagocytes.

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. A) plasma; NK B) suppressor; cytoxic C) helper; suppressor D) NK; cytoxic E) cytoxic; helper

cytoxic; helper

Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency? A) increased gas solubility B) decreased blood flow C) decreased diffusion distance D) increased surface area E) increased partial pressure gradients

decreased blood flow

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased amounts of BPG B) decreased temperature C) decreased temperature and decreased amounts of BPG D) decreased pH E) increased tissue PO2

decreased pH

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) E) decreased temperature and decreased amounts of BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)

decreased pH

Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2? A) increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2 B) decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2 C) decreased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2 D) increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial PCO2 E) increased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial PCO2

decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2

The primary function of the lymphatic system is A) the transport of hormones. B) circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases. C) defending the body against both external and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) the production and maturation of leukocytes.

defending the body against both external and internal threats.

Damage to the phrenic nerves would A) have little effect on ventilation. B) increase the tidal volume. C) increase respiratory rate. D) result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. E) force reliance on costal breathing.

force reliance on costal breathing.

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? A) from the blood into the tissue cells B) from the blood into the lungs C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the lungs into the blood

from the tissue cells into the blood

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. A) helper T B) B C) cytotoxic T D) suppressor T E) plasma

helper T

All of the following are characteristics of anaphylaxis except A) sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen. B) helper T cells are destroyed. C) the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. D) symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. E) IgE antibodies are produced.

helper T cells are destroyed.

Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is A) medium pitched and soft. B) low pitched and loud. C) low pitched and soft. D) high pitched and soft. E) high pitched and loud.

high pitched and loud.

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes A) anti-histamines. B) antacids. C) immunosuppressive drugs. D) anti-rheumatic drugs. E) aspirin.

immunosuppressive drugs.

Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release. B) increasing the level of cortisol. C) inhibiting interleukin secretion. D) reducing the number of phagocytes. E) depressing the inflammatory response.

inhibiting glucocorticoid release.

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle? A) intra-alveolar B) intrapulmonary and intra-alveolar C) intrapulmonary D) intrapleural E) atmospheric

intrapleural

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until A) it has cloned plasma cells. B) it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines. C) memory B cells have been cloned. D) antibodies have been produced. E) it binds a cytotoxic T cell.

it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. B) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. C) it depends on memory B cells. D) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. E) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.

it depends on memory B cells.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because A) large masses of food can move through the esophagus. B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi. C) it facilitates turning of the head. D) the bronchi are also C-shaped. E) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.

large masses of food can move through the esophagus.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. B) prolongs inspiration. C) stimulates the dorsal respiratory group. D) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. E) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called A) activation. B) neutralization. C) opsonization. D) agglutination. E) precipitation.

opsonization.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) alloimmunity. B) active immunization. C) innate immunity. D) natural immunity. E) passive immunization.

passive immunization.

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. A) pharynx B) esophagus C) trachea D) windpipe E) right mainstem bronchus

pharynx

The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space. A) pneumonia B) emphysema C) pneumothorax D) pleurisy E) pulmonary edema

pneumothorax

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a traveling clot or similar obstruction is A) pulmonary embolism. B) emphysema. C) anoxia. D) COPD. E) pneumothorax.

pulmonary embolism.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) medial B) right primary C) left lobar D) left primary E) right lobar

right primary

If PO2 increases A) hemoglobin stores oxygen. B) saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen. C) saturation goes down and hemoglobin gives away oxygen. D) hemoglobin gives away oxygen. E) saturation goes down.

saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons? A) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis B) secrete mutant proteins that get incorporated into the target's DNA C) secrete strong acid D) secrete free radicals E) secrete organic solvent

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells. A) activation B) division C) co-stimulation D) sensitization E) cloning

sensitization

Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? A) opsonization B) activation of complement C) enhancing phagocytosis D) neutralization E) sensitization

sensitization

Accidentally sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________. A) soft palate; oropharynx B) soft palate; larynx C) epiglottis; larynx D) soft palate; nasopharynx E) epiglottis; nasopharynx

soft palate; nasopharynx

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably A) tears. B) serum. C) lymph. D) blood. E) interstitial.

tears.

During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until A) the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure. B) the internal pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. C) the internal pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. D) the compliance of the lung decreases. E) the lungs recoil.

the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.

During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until A) the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure. B) the internal pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. C) the internal pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. D) the compliance of the lung decreases. E) the lungs recoil.

the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that A) the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. B) lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. C) the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin. D) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. E) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes.

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. B) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. C) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. D) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. E) they are equal.

they are equal.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) thoracic duct. C) cisterna chyli. D) hepatic portal vein. E) dural sinus.

thoracic duct.

The chloride shift occurs in order to A) produce carbonic acid. B) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. C) pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells. D) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. E) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.

The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) helps maintain normal blood volume. B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transports lipids from the digestive tract. E) fights infection.

transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) reserve volume. B) tidal volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) inspiratory reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

vital capacity.

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person A) is relying on passive immunity. B) has just recovered from mumps. C) is immune to mumps. D) was recently infected with mumps. E) is allergic to mumps.

was recently infected with mumps.