A & P Nervous System

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine?

adrenergic fibers

Which of the following delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the primary sensory cortex?

anterolateral pathway

The spinal pathways that carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone are the

medial and later OR spinal cerebellar

Which pathway provides subconscious, involuntary control of muscle tone and movements of the neck, trunk, and limbs?

medial and later pathways

The brachial plexus nerve that innervates the flexor muscles of the arm and forearm and the skin on the lateral surface of the forearm is the ______ nerve.

musculocutaneous

Ascending pathways

carry sensory information to the brain

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

cerebellum

The phrenic nerves arise from the

cervical plexus

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called

collaterals

Which of the following is descending pathway of the spinal cord?

corticospinal, medial and later

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?

face

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of

ganglionic neurons

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

number of sensory receptors in the area of the body

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin?

hypothalamus

In adults, the spinal cord usually extends to which level?

immediately above the filum terminale at tip of conus medullaris usually at level of vertebra L1

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

incoming sensory information would be disrupted

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes

Effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands

Another name for patellar reflex is the

knee-jerk reflex

The spinal pathway that carries highly localized sensory information concerning fine touch and pressure is the

posterior column

An autonomic motor neuron whose cell body lies in the CNS is called a(n)

preganglionic neuron

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the

white matter

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

why neurons grow such long axons

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex

withdrawal

The flexor reflex

withdrawal reflex affects muscle of a limb EX: touch hot stove, hand jerks away fast

During an EEG, alpha waves

are in health, awake adults who are resting with their eyes closed disappear during sleep or when the adult concentrates on a specific task

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

association areas

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

The projection of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called

horns

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following?

hyperpolarization

Damage to the hypothalamus can result in

malnutrition

The sensory nuclei of cranial nerves VI - VIII are found within which of the following?

pons

Which nerve from the brachial plexus innervates the extensor muscles of the arm and forearm?

radial nerve

A mixed nerve

refers to one that contains both sensory and motor neurons

________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma.

amnesia

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result?

hesitant and distorted speech

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the

olfactory

The cranial nerves whose primary function is special sensory are

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

Saltatory conduction

or saltatory propagation, occurs in myelinated axons and is much faster

Spinal nerves from the brachial plexus innervate the

pectoral girdle and upper limb

All of the nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system comprises the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the

prefrontal gyrus of frontal lobe

The all-or-none principle states that

the properties of action potential are independent of relative strength of depolarizing stimulus

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called

tracts (white matter)

Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?

ventral roots

A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission?

axon hillock

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?

basal nuclei and midbrain

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called

bipolar

Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the

gray commissures

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the

hippocampus

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve

The sensory region of the body monitored by each pair of spinal nerves is known as a

dermatone

The ______ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands.

diencephalon

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region?

diencephalon

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

facial VII

Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is transmitted through which cranial nerve?

facial nerve

The _______ ventricle is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata.

fourth

The area anterior to the central sulcus is the

frontal lobe

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?

glossopharyngeal IX

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called

graded potentials

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur

gray commissures

Which of the following pairs is not properly matched?

lumbar spinal nerves: 4

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the

afferent division

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

cell bodies of neurons and glial cells

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the

cerebellum

The midbrain has a slender CSF-filled canal known as the

cerebral aqueduct

You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the

cerebral hemisphere

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum

Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm from contraction. This activity is best explained by

convergent neuronal pools

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neurons results in

depolarization

Monosynaptic reflexes

little delay between sensory input and motor output control most rapid stereotypes motor responses of nervous system to specific stimuli

During continuous conduction,

local currents depolarize adjacent areas so that action potentials continue to form

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

microglia

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as

nissl bodies

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

prefrontal cortex

The surface of the post central gyrus contains the

primary sensory cortex

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

medulla oblongata

Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers?

medulla oblongata

Most neurons in the brain are

multipolar

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called

multipolar

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine OR dopamine

The premotor cortex of the cerebrum, involved in the planning and sequencing of muscle movements, is located in the

precentral gyrus

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation?

propagated change of excitable cells change in membrane potential travels entire length of cell = nerve impulse threshold

The _______ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia mater

Which structure secretes melatonin?

pineal gland

Nerve trunks containing axons derived from several spinal nerves originate from

plexus

Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?

Babinski sign

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons can be found in which cranial nerves?

III, VII, IX, X

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of

Schwann cells

Dual innervation referes to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic information

Which of these is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

digestion: salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

Which of the following occurs from spinal segments T1 to L2?

dorsal and ventral rami

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the

somatic nervous system OR corticospinal pathway

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the

sympathetic division

The spinothalamic tracts function in

touch, pressure, pain, and temperature includes small tracts deliver sensations to reflex centers in brain and larger tracts carry to cerebral cortex

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

unmyelinated

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

vagus nerve

The entire spinal cord is divided into _____ segments.

31

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

acetylcholine OR cholinergic synapse

The _______ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

afferent

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential/ 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels

3, 1, 2, 4

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70 mV (negative on inside, relative on outside)

There are _______ pairs of spinal nerves?

31

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the post synaptic membrane 4. Axon terminal depolarizes

4, 1, 3, 2

Interneurons

association neurons located within the CNS that interconnect other neurons

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

astrocytes

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

auditory cortex

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

autonomic

In general, the nervous system

is fast and brief OR monitors the body's environment, integrates sensory info, and coordinates responses

The ________ establishes emotional states.

limbic system

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to the muscles OR carries information away from CNS to effectors

Muscle spindles

sensory receptors involved in stretch reflex intrafusal and extrafusal responsible for resting muscle tone and for contraction of entire muscle

When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the cerebral column. Why?

there will be no possible damage when the needle enters the space

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

these spaces compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain

The cranial nerve that has three branches is the

trigeminal

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function could result in death.

vagus

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF?

venous circulation