A & P sample questions: skeletal system

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a fracture when the bone pierces through the skin

compound fracture

this type of bone development involves a cartilage outline

endochondral ossification

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

fossa

the two types of bone development are (?) and (?)

intramembranous ossification/ endochondral ossification

the calcitonin and parathormone feedback system is considered a (?) feedback system

negative

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, only example is on the femur

trochanter

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: small rounded projections or processes

tubercle

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: large rounded projection; may be roughened

tuberosity

all bone begins as (?) bone

woven bone

the bone that is initially produced during the intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification is (?) bone

woven bone

this bone provides the framework on which lamellar bone is laid down during the process of bone remodeling

woven bone

this type of bone is totally unsuitable for stress and strain

woven bone

the collagen fibers of (?) bone run in all directions and lack the parallel configuration of the (?) bone

woven/ lamellar

this marrow is found in medullary cavities of long bones

yellow marrow

this marrow specializes in fat storage

yellow marrow

Originally, Hematopoiesis occurs in the (?) and then later made in the (?) of the bone

yolk sac/ liver and spleen/ red marrow

during this zone, mature chondrocytes begin to secrete phosphatase enzyme, the extracellular matrix material undergoes calcification and the chondrocytes die

zone of calcification

the function of this zone is attachment of the diaphysis

zone of calcification

during this zone, the chondrocytes are stacked with more visible lacunae and much larger. The "hypertrophy" of chondrocytes here also contribute to growth in length

zone of maturation

the ultimate fate of the chondrocytes in this zone is death when the matrix calcifies

zone of maturation

in this zone, the chondrocytes begin to be stacked on top of each other in columns. This is the mitotic zone, where new cells are generated and partially responsible for expansion in length of the epiphyseal plate.

zone of proliferation

this surrounds the marrow

endosteum

Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

head

describe the steps of intramembranous ossification

1. layers of primative undifferentiated connective tissue appear in sites of future bone, 2. mesenchymal cells become arranged around blood vessels in the layers 3. connective tissue differentiates into osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts form spongy bone matrix around themselves, forming trabeculae 5. osteoblasts become osteocytes when they are completely surrounded by bone matrix 6. as matrix fills in, some spongy bone becomes compact bone 7. Primitive connective tissue on the surface forms the periosteum

leucocytes

WBC

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

crest

this disease is due to a bacterial or fungal infection and involves the bone and the bone marrow

Osteomyelitis, rare today because of antibiotics and antifungal agents

erythrocytes

RBC

(T) or (F) Osteitis deformans can involve the entire skeleton or it can just be one bone

T

(T) or (F) bone may continue to grow even after the onset of sexuality maturity

T

(T) or (F) both compact and spongy bone are usually present in a bone

T

how long does it take for osteogenesis to begin after conception?

a few weeks

these bones are commonly found in the feet and occur where developing bones do not fuse properly

accessory bones

these bones are sometimes called "sutural" or "wormian" bones

accessory bones

these bones may look like extra bones or broken bones in x-rays. There are sometimes small clusters of the between flat bones of the skull

accessory bones

growth in width of a cartilagenous model is called (?)

appositional growth

this is a layer of hyaline cartilage at end of bones

articular cartilage

when the secondary ossification process is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in two places, which are (?) and (?)

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

with Rickets the phosphate blood level is greatly reduced, however the calcium blood level is only slightly reduced. why is this?

because low levels of calcium stimulate the parathyroid to get calcium from bones and enhances bone resorption. therefore, increased bone resorption prevents hypocalcemia, but bones become weaker

Hematopoiesis(?)

blood cell formation

this process occurs when the bone is injured or added bone strength is required

bone deposit

bone deposit and bone resorption constitute the process of (?)

bone remodeling

with Rickets, osteoblasts keep laying osteoid tissue, but the inadequate supply of calcium and phosphate prevent it from becoming (?)

calcified

this hormone, produced by the thyroid, promotes osteoblastic activity and reduces blood calcium

calcitonin

the inorganic salt which makes up 70% of the weight of the matrix is (?)

calcium phosphate

this type of bone is interspersed with blood-filled cavities called cancellae, which nourishes nearby osteocyes

cancellous bone

the center portion of most bones is (?)

cancellous bone (spongy)

name the flat bones of the thoracic area

clavicle, scapula, ribs, sternum

this type of fracture is splintered or fragmented

comminuted fracture

this bone type is found in the diaphysis of a long bone

compact bone

this bone type is solid, strong, and resistant to bending

compact bone

this type of fracture is broken completely through the bone

complete fracture

Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: rounded articular projection

condyle

most distinct and highly ordered osteon are in outer compact layers near external surface of bones. This portion of the bone is called (?) and is usually a thin shell-like layer.

cortical bone

this is the name for the shaft of the bone

diaphysis

this type of bone development is also called "intracartilaginous bone formation"

endochondral ossification

name some possible causes of osteoporosis

endocrine malfunctions, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, vitamin calcium loss due to dietary and behavioral patterns

this is the squamous epithelial lining of the medullary cavity and spaces in the spongy bone

endosteum

most bones of the skeleton are developed by the process of (?)

epichondral ossification

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: raised area on or above a condyle

epicondyle

this is found at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis and is also called the growth plate

epiphyseal plate

this is the expanded end portion of the bone that articulates (forms a joint)

epiphysis

this hormone promotes closure of epiphyseal plates of long bones and terminates the lengthening process.

estrogen

Name some symptoms of osteitis deformans

exaggerated bone remodeling process, deformities such as enlargement of skull and bowing of femurs and tibias, can't stand ordinary pressure, bones become enlarged but some softer and more porous, normal bone is replaced by less rigid and less mineralized osteoid tissue.

what is the treatment of osteoporosis?

exercise/ calcium supplements/ estrogen administration

Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: smooth nearly flat articular surface

facet

in adults, the medullary cavity contains (?)

fat, also called yellow marrow

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Narrow, slitlike opening

fissure

this bone type is often thin and curved

flat bones

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: round or oval opening through a bone

foramen

a central blood vessel together with it's concentric rings makes up the (?)

haversian system or osteon

describe the phases of the repair process of a simple fracture

hematoma formation(procallus) , loss of RBC stimulates inflammatory reaction. macrophages and fibroblasts phagocytize debris and lay down connective tissue, fibrocartilaginous callus formation (soft callus) which initially binds the fracture together. Bony callus formed by osteoblast and osteoclasts. Osseus callus begins remodeling

the red color of red marrow is due to (?)

hemoglobin

name the five long bones of the are and the five long bones of the legs

humerus, radius, ulna metacarpals, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibula, metatarsals, phalanges

this type of fracture is a break that is not completely through

incomplete fracture (green stick fracture)

lengthening of bone diaphysis is only possible by (?) growth?

interstitial growth

in postnatal growth, the long bone grows in length by (?) growth of the epiphyseal plates and all bones grow in thickness by (?) growth

interstitial growth/ appositional growth

which type of ossification creates flat bones?

intramembranous ossification

as woven bone is laid down, it is immediately removed by osteoclasts and replaced with (?) bone, imparting strength and stability

lamellar bone

mature bone is called (?)

lamellar bone

this bone is typically deposited in concentric rings around a centrally located blood vessel

lamellar bone

as adolescence draws to an end, the cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plates divide (more or less) often and the plates become thiner and thiner until they are entirely replaced by bone tissue

less

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

line

this bone type would be classified by long longitudinal axis with expanded ends

long bones

osteoclasts secrete (?)

lysosomal enzymes which digest the organic matrix and metabolic acids which convert the calcium salts into soluble forms that pass easily into solution

during the zone of calcification, bone resorption takes place at the boundary of (?) cavity.

marrow

this is a soft, net-like connective tissue

marrow

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: canal-like passageway

meatus

this is the hollow portion of the diaphysis of the long bone

medullar cavity

the secondary ossification reproduces almost exactly the events of the primary ossification, except what does not develop?

medullary cavity

this cavity is continuous with spaces of spongy bone

medullary cavity

no vitamin D=(?)

no calcium and phosphate absorption from gut

the periosteal bud contains

nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

calcification of cartilage matrix cuts off the supply of (?), so this region is dead cells

nutrients

this disease is rare in people under age 40, is mostly in males, is a precursor to osteogenic sarcoma, and is also known as Paget's disease

osteitis deformans

this bone cell is capable of synthesizing new bone matrix

osteoblast

this is usually found in the growing portion of the bone

osteoblast

these cells are primarily found in the medullary cavity of a growing bone

osteoclast

during the zone of calcification, (?) removes disintegrating calcified cartilage and subsequently lay down new bone on calcified spicules that remain

osteoclasts/ osteoblasts

this is the main cell of mature bone tissue

osteocyte

when osteo cells are completely surrounded by matrix, secluded within a lacunae and matrix surrounding cellular processes becomes canaliculi, the osteo bone cells are called (?)

osteocytes

the term for bone development is (?)

osteogenesis

this disease is hereditary and is a disorder of collagen maturation and aggregation, lack of normal amounts of bone matrix with crowded osteocytes

osteogenesis imperfecta

sites of new matrix deposits are revealed by the presence of an (?), an unmineralized band of gauzy-looking bone matrix

osteoid seam

if the kidneys fail to process Vitamin D and the calcium levels go down, what disease can begin

osteomalacia

this is the adult form of Rickets, the softening of the bone

osteomalacia

severe reduction in bone mass causes a disease called (?)

osteoporosis

this disease is the the most common and most malignant form of bone cancer and is the second most common malignancy of bone in young people

osteosarcoma

the stimulation of parathyroid gland increases the release of (?) , which stimulates osteoclasts

parathormone

this hormone affects calcium absorption from gut and affects deposition and resorption of bone

parathyroid hormone

this hormone functions to maintain proper blood calcium level

parathyroid hormone

this type of fracture occurs in an already diseased bone

pathologic fracture

In osteosarcoma, the tumor arises beneath the (?) and elevates it as ot grows, pertaining the cortical bone

periosteum

in this structure, the fibers are continuous with ligaments and tendons

periosteum

the portion of the bone that functions in bone repair is?

periosteum

this portion of the bone is a tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue surrounding the bone.

periosteum

this hormone stimulates cartilage reproduction in epiphyseal disks

pituitary growth hormone

thrombocytes

platelets

what is the function of calcitonin?

prevents osteoclasts from resorbing bone

the formation of a long bone begins at a (?)

primary ossification center

Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: armlike bar of bone

ramus

Is osteosarcoma slow or rapid spreading and what is it;s cure rate?

rapid spreading with a low cure rate

this marrow forms erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes

red marrow

this marrow is found in irregular spaces of spongy bone

red marrow

this marrow is found in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis areas

red marrow

this from of rickets is a kidney problem (congenital hypophosphetemia), where the renal tubules are not reabsorbing ions from the kidneys, and is not a vitamin D deficiency

renal rickets

a vitamin D deficiency in growing children may cause this disease, due to their inability to absorb calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract., thus inorganic bone matrix (mineral salts) lack calcium

rickets

name either carpal and tarsal bones of the hand and the seven tarsal bones of the foot.

scaphoid, triquelateral, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate, lunate medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, talus, cuboid, calcaneus, navicular

the patella (knee cap) and the pisiform carpal (wrist) bone are considered (?) bones

sesamoid bones

these are small boned imbedded within certain tendons

sesamoid bones

these bones help tendons overcome compression forces increasing mechanical efficiency of joints. Their number varies from person to person.

sesamoid bones

the carpal and tarsal bones are considered which bone type

short bones

this bone type would be classified as equal in length, width, and thickness and is shaped irregularly

short bones

the secondary ossification centers appear when when?

shortly before or after birth

this type of fracture leaves the skin over the break still intact

simple fracture

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

sinus

since mature bones are not growing, as in children, less calcium is needed, so the progression of osteomalacia is (?)

slower

Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: sharp, slender, often pointed projection

spine

short, flat and irregular bones are mostly (?) type of bone makeup

spongy

this type of bone has numerous branching bony plates called "trabeculae"

spongy

"cancellous bone", is another term for (?)

spongy bone

(?) bone is produced in all directions among the blood vessels, forming trabeculae

spongy bone

which bone type, spongy or compact, weighs less, and why?

spongy, because of interconnecting spaces

Tetanic Respiratory spasms occur due to (?)

the need from calcium for muscle contraction, the diaphragm will contract, but wont relax

with osteoporosis, the cortical bone is reduced in (?), the cancellous trabeculae are reduced in (?) and the marrow cavity is significantly (?) which has a result of a net loss of bone mass and predisposition of fractures

thickness/ number/ enlarged

name some symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta

thin, poorly formed bones, multiple fractures, loose joints, stunting, discoloration of teeth, scoliosis, deafness, bluish tint to sclerae (white of eyes), very thin cortical bone, small cancellous trabeculae

when the blood calcium level drops the thyroid gland is (?) and the parathyroid gland is (?)

thyroid gland is inhibited as the parathyroid gland is stimulated

when the blood calcium level rises the thyroid gland is (?) and the secretion of the parathormone is (?)

thyroid gland is then stimulated as the secretion of the parathormone is inhibited

with osteoporosis, the (?) and the (?) are are most severely affected, although all bones are affected to some degree

vertebrae and pelvis

the facial bones and what other six bones are considered irregular bones?

vertebrae, hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, ear, hyoid

this vitamin is necessary for bone resorption

vitamin A

this vitamin is necessary for synthesis of collagen in bone matrix

vitamin C

this vitamin is covered to active 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by the parathormone

vitamin D

what is the treatment of Rickets?

vitamin D supplement plus dietary calcium and phosphate

name the four types of non-living material

-calcium phosphate -calcium carbonate -inert material -matrix proteins

name the four functions of the skeletal system

-shape -protection -movement -storage of inorganic salts

when the thyroid gland is inhibited, the release of (?) decreases, which decreases the inhibition of osteoclasts

calcitonin

this is the name given to all the bones that do not neatly fit into any other category

irregular bones

this is a multinuclear bone destroying cell

osteoclast

this hormone promotes bone growth, especially long bones, and increases the size and strength of bones

testosterone

this hormone stimulates protein synthesis and increases the production of bone matrix

testosterone

if bones become depleted of calcium, then blood calcium drops due to poor absorption from gut, (?) results causing death

tetanic respiratory spasm

what is the primary requirement for fracture healing

the bones must make contact with one another

no calcium and phosphate = (?)

weakened bones

during this zone the chondrocytes do not contribute to growth in the bone length

zone of resting

in this zone, blood vessels enter the plate from the epiphysis, and nutrients enter cartilage of the plate by diffusion from these blood vessels

zone of resting

the purpose of this zone is to firmly attach the cartilaginous plate to the epiphysis

zone of resting

this zone consists largely of hyaline cartilage

zone of resting

name the eight flat bones of the cranium

(2) parietal, (2) temporal, occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

name the fourteen irregular facial bones

(2) zygomatic, (2) palatine, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, vomer, (2) inferior nasal concha, (2) maxilla, mandible

Calcium is needed for (?)

-blood clot formation -nerve impulse conductor -muscle contraction

name four connective tissues of the skeletal system

-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood

name the five active tissues of the skeletal system

-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood -nerve

name six tissue types of the skeletal system

-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood -nerve -nonliving material

vitamin D is necessary for absorbing calcium from the (?)

gut

describe the steps of endochondral ossification

1. Mesenchymal cells in a region of future bones proliferate and become tightly packed, which forms the rough outline of the bone being formed 2. mesenchymal cells continue to differentiate into chondrocytes and lay down the cartilage matrix, forming the model of bone 3. cells located at the edge create the perichondrium, some of these cells later differentiate into osteoblasts, some retain mesenchyme characteristics. the osteoblast from the collar bone. 4. chondrocytes within the shaft enlarge and signal the surrounding cartilage matrix to calcify. 5. the perichondrium starts budding capillaries (periosteal bud) which invade the internal cavities, forming the spongy bone. 6. at this time, some cells differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes, forming a thin layer of bone around the middle portion of the cartilagenous model. (at this time the connective tissue layer around this bone is called the periosteum) 7. as the primary ossification center enlarges and spreads, osteoclasts reabsorb the newly formed spongy bone to create the medullary cavity in the center of the shaft. 8. in long bone only, a secondary ossification center is created in the epiphysis and spongy bone forms in all directions from the secondary ossification center

what are the four distinct regions of the epiphyseal plate

1. Zone of resting or reserve cartilage 2. zone of proliferation 3. zone of maturation 4. zone of calcification

describe the three functions that the parathormone stimulates which causes the blood calcium level to rise

1. calcium is released from bones by osteoclasts 2. calcium absorption by GI tract increases 3. loss of calcium from urine is inhibited

Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Furrow

groove


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