A & P sample questions: skeletal system
a fracture when the bone pierces through the skin
compound fracture
this type of bone development involves a cartilage outline
endochondral ossification
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
fossa
the two types of bone development are (?) and (?)
intramembranous ossification/ endochondral ossification
the calcitonin and parathormone feedback system is considered a (?) feedback system
negative
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, only example is on the femur
trochanter
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: small rounded projections or processes
tubercle
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: large rounded projection; may be roughened
tuberosity
all bone begins as (?) bone
woven bone
the bone that is initially produced during the intermembranous ossification and endochondral ossification is (?) bone
woven bone
this bone provides the framework on which lamellar bone is laid down during the process of bone remodeling
woven bone
this type of bone is totally unsuitable for stress and strain
woven bone
the collagen fibers of (?) bone run in all directions and lack the parallel configuration of the (?) bone
woven/ lamellar
this marrow is found in medullary cavities of long bones
yellow marrow
this marrow specializes in fat storage
yellow marrow
Originally, Hematopoiesis occurs in the (?) and then later made in the (?) of the bone
yolk sac/ liver and spleen/ red marrow
during this zone, mature chondrocytes begin to secrete phosphatase enzyme, the extracellular matrix material undergoes calcification and the chondrocytes die
zone of calcification
the function of this zone is attachment of the diaphysis
zone of calcification
during this zone, the chondrocytes are stacked with more visible lacunae and much larger. The "hypertrophy" of chondrocytes here also contribute to growth in length
zone of maturation
the ultimate fate of the chondrocytes in this zone is death when the matrix calcifies
zone of maturation
in this zone, the chondrocytes begin to be stacked on top of each other in columns. This is the mitotic zone, where new cells are generated and partially responsible for expansion in length of the epiphyseal plate.
zone of proliferation
this surrounds the marrow
endosteum
Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
head
describe the steps of intramembranous ossification
1. layers of primative undifferentiated connective tissue appear in sites of future bone, 2. mesenchymal cells become arranged around blood vessels in the layers 3. connective tissue differentiates into osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts form spongy bone matrix around themselves, forming trabeculae 5. osteoblasts become osteocytes when they are completely surrounded by bone matrix 6. as matrix fills in, some spongy bone becomes compact bone 7. Primitive connective tissue on the surface forms the periosteum
leucocytes
WBC
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
crest
this disease is due to a bacterial or fungal infection and involves the bone and the bone marrow
Osteomyelitis, rare today because of antibiotics and antifungal agents
erythrocytes
RBC
(T) or (F) Osteitis deformans can involve the entire skeleton or it can just be one bone
T
(T) or (F) bone may continue to grow even after the onset of sexuality maturity
T
(T) or (F) both compact and spongy bone are usually present in a bone
T
how long does it take for osteogenesis to begin after conception?
a few weeks
these bones are commonly found in the feet and occur where developing bones do not fuse properly
accessory bones
these bones are sometimes called "sutural" or "wormian" bones
accessory bones
these bones may look like extra bones or broken bones in x-rays. There are sometimes small clusters of the between flat bones of the skull
accessory bones
growth in width of a cartilagenous model is called (?)
appositional growth
this is a layer of hyaline cartilage at end of bones
articular cartilage
when the secondary ossification process is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in two places, which are (?) and (?)
articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
with Rickets the phosphate blood level is greatly reduced, however the calcium blood level is only slightly reduced. why is this?
because low levels of calcium stimulate the parathyroid to get calcium from bones and enhances bone resorption. therefore, increased bone resorption prevents hypocalcemia, but bones become weaker
Hematopoiesis(?)
blood cell formation
this process occurs when the bone is injured or added bone strength is required
bone deposit
bone deposit and bone resorption constitute the process of (?)
bone remodeling
with Rickets, osteoblasts keep laying osteoid tissue, but the inadequate supply of calcium and phosphate prevent it from becoming (?)
calcified
this hormone, produced by the thyroid, promotes osteoblastic activity and reduces blood calcium
calcitonin
the inorganic salt which makes up 70% of the weight of the matrix is (?)
calcium phosphate
this type of bone is interspersed with blood-filled cavities called cancellae, which nourishes nearby osteocyes
cancellous bone
the center portion of most bones is (?)
cancellous bone (spongy)
name the flat bones of the thoracic area
clavicle, scapula, ribs, sternum
this type of fracture is splintered or fragmented
comminuted fracture
this bone type is found in the diaphysis of a long bone
compact bone
this bone type is solid, strong, and resistant to bending
compact bone
this type of fracture is broken completely through the bone
complete fracture
Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: rounded articular projection
condyle
most distinct and highly ordered osteon are in outer compact layers near external surface of bones. This portion of the bone is called (?) and is usually a thin shell-like layer.
cortical bone
this is the name for the shaft of the bone
diaphysis
this type of bone development is also called "intracartilaginous bone formation"
endochondral ossification
name some possible causes of osteoporosis
endocrine malfunctions, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, vitamin calcium loss due to dietary and behavioral patterns
this is the squamous epithelial lining of the medullary cavity and spaces in the spongy bone
endosteum
most bones of the skeleton are developed by the process of (?)
epichondral ossification
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: raised area on or above a condyle
epicondyle
this is found at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis and is also called the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
this is the expanded end portion of the bone that articulates (forms a joint)
epiphysis
this hormone promotes closure of epiphyseal plates of long bones and terminates the lengthening process.
estrogen
Name some symptoms of osteitis deformans
exaggerated bone remodeling process, deformities such as enlargement of skull and bowing of femurs and tibias, can't stand ordinary pressure, bones become enlarged but some softer and more porous, normal bone is replaced by less rigid and less mineralized osteoid tissue.
what is the treatment of osteoporosis?
exercise/ calcium supplements/ estrogen administration
Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: smooth nearly flat articular surface
facet
in adults, the medullary cavity contains (?)
fat, also called yellow marrow
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Narrow, slitlike opening
fissure
this bone type is often thin and curved
flat bones
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: round or oval opening through a bone
foramen
a central blood vessel together with it's concentric rings makes up the (?)
haversian system or osteon
describe the phases of the repair process of a simple fracture
hematoma formation(procallus) , loss of RBC stimulates inflammatory reaction. macrophages and fibroblasts phagocytize debris and lay down connective tissue, fibrocartilaginous callus formation (soft callus) which initially binds the fracture together. Bony callus formed by osteoblast and osteoclasts. Osseus callus begins remodeling
the red color of red marrow is due to (?)
hemoglobin
name the five long bones of the are and the five long bones of the legs
humerus, radius, ulna metacarpals, phalanges, femur, fibula, tibula, metatarsals, phalanges
this type of fracture is a break that is not completely through
incomplete fracture (green stick fracture)
lengthening of bone diaphysis is only possible by (?) growth?
interstitial growth
in postnatal growth, the long bone grows in length by (?) growth of the epiphyseal plates and all bones grow in thickness by (?) growth
interstitial growth/ appositional growth
which type of ossification creates flat bones?
intramembranous ossification
as woven bone is laid down, it is immediately removed by osteoclasts and replaced with (?) bone, imparting strength and stability
lamellar bone
mature bone is called (?)
lamellar bone
this bone is typically deposited in concentric rings around a centrally located blood vessel
lamellar bone
as adolescence draws to an end, the cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plates divide (more or less) often and the plates become thiner and thiner until they are entirely replaced by bone tissue
less
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
line
this bone type would be classified by long longitudinal axis with expanded ends
long bones
osteoclasts secrete (?)
lysosomal enzymes which digest the organic matrix and metabolic acids which convert the calcium salts into soluble forms that pass easily into solution
during the zone of calcification, bone resorption takes place at the boundary of (?) cavity.
marrow
this is a soft, net-like connective tissue
marrow
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: canal-like passageway
meatus
this is the hollow portion of the diaphysis of the long bone
medullar cavity
the secondary ossification reproduces almost exactly the events of the primary ossification, except what does not develop?
medullary cavity
this cavity is continuous with spaces of spongy bone
medullary cavity
no vitamin D=(?)
no calcium and phosphate absorption from gut
the periosteal bud contains
nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
calcification of cartilage matrix cuts off the supply of (?), so this region is dead cells
nutrients
this disease is rare in people under age 40, is mostly in males, is a precursor to osteogenic sarcoma, and is also known as Paget's disease
osteitis deformans
this bone cell is capable of synthesizing new bone matrix
osteoblast
this is usually found in the growing portion of the bone
osteoblast
these cells are primarily found in the medullary cavity of a growing bone
osteoclast
during the zone of calcification, (?) removes disintegrating calcified cartilage and subsequently lay down new bone on calcified spicules that remain
osteoclasts/ osteoblasts
this is the main cell of mature bone tissue
osteocyte
when osteo cells are completely surrounded by matrix, secluded within a lacunae and matrix surrounding cellular processes becomes canaliculi, the osteo bone cells are called (?)
osteocytes
the term for bone development is (?)
osteogenesis
this disease is hereditary and is a disorder of collagen maturation and aggregation, lack of normal amounts of bone matrix with crowded osteocytes
osteogenesis imperfecta
sites of new matrix deposits are revealed by the presence of an (?), an unmineralized band of gauzy-looking bone matrix
osteoid seam
if the kidneys fail to process Vitamin D and the calcium levels go down, what disease can begin
osteomalacia
this is the adult form of Rickets, the softening of the bone
osteomalacia
severe reduction in bone mass causes a disease called (?)
osteoporosis
this disease is the the most common and most malignant form of bone cancer and is the second most common malignancy of bone in young people
osteosarcoma
the stimulation of parathyroid gland increases the release of (?) , which stimulates osteoclasts
parathormone
this hormone affects calcium absorption from gut and affects deposition and resorption of bone
parathyroid hormone
this hormone functions to maintain proper blood calcium level
parathyroid hormone
this type of fracture occurs in an already diseased bone
pathologic fracture
In osteosarcoma, the tumor arises beneath the (?) and elevates it as ot grows, pertaining the cortical bone
periosteum
in this structure, the fibers are continuous with ligaments and tendons
periosteum
the portion of the bone that functions in bone repair is?
periosteum
this portion of the bone is a tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue surrounding the bone.
periosteum
this hormone stimulates cartilage reproduction in epiphyseal disks
pituitary growth hormone
thrombocytes
platelets
what is the function of calcitonin?
prevents osteoclasts from resorbing bone
the formation of a long bone begins at a (?)
primary ossification center
Name the different bone structures: Projections that help to form joints: armlike bar of bone
ramus
Is osteosarcoma slow or rapid spreading and what is it;s cure rate?
rapid spreading with a low cure rate
this marrow forms erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes
red marrow
this marrow is found in irregular spaces of spongy bone
red marrow
this marrow is found in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis areas
red marrow
this from of rickets is a kidney problem (congenital hypophosphetemia), where the renal tubules are not reabsorbing ions from the kidneys, and is not a vitamin D deficiency
renal rickets
a vitamin D deficiency in growing children may cause this disease, due to their inability to absorb calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract., thus inorganic bone matrix (mineral salts) lack calcium
rickets
name either carpal and tarsal bones of the hand and the seven tarsal bones of the foot.
scaphoid, triquelateral, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate, lunate medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, talus, cuboid, calcaneus, navicular
the patella (knee cap) and the pisiform carpal (wrist) bone are considered (?) bones
sesamoid bones
these are small boned imbedded within certain tendons
sesamoid bones
these bones help tendons overcome compression forces increasing mechanical efficiency of joints. Their number varies from person to person.
sesamoid bones
the carpal and tarsal bones are considered which bone type
short bones
this bone type would be classified as equal in length, width, and thickness and is shaped irregularly
short bones
the secondary ossification centers appear when when?
shortly before or after birth
this type of fracture leaves the skin over the break still intact
simple fracture
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
sinus
since mature bones are not growing, as in children, less calcium is needed, so the progression of osteomalacia is (?)
slower
Name the different bone structures: Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: sharp, slender, often pointed projection
spine
short, flat and irregular bones are mostly (?) type of bone makeup
spongy
this type of bone has numerous branching bony plates called "trabeculae"
spongy
"cancellous bone", is another term for (?)
spongy bone
(?) bone is produced in all directions among the blood vessels, forming trabeculae
spongy bone
which bone type, spongy or compact, weighs less, and why?
spongy, because of interconnecting spaces
Tetanic Respiratory spasms occur due to (?)
the need from calcium for muscle contraction, the diaphragm will contract, but wont relax
with osteoporosis, the cortical bone is reduced in (?), the cancellous trabeculae are reduced in (?) and the marrow cavity is significantly (?) which has a result of a net loss of bone mass and predisposition of fractures
thickness/ number/ enlarged
name some symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta
thin, poorly formed bones, multiple fractures, loose joints, stunting, discoloration of teeth, scoliosis, deafness, bluish tint to sclerae (white of eyes), very thin cortical bone, small cancellous trabeculae
when the blood calcium level drops the thyroid gland is (?) and the parathyroid gland is (?)
thyroid gland is inhibited as the parathyroid gland is stimulated
when the blood calcium level rises the thyroid gland is (?) and the secretion of the parathormone is (?)
thyroid gland is then stimulated as the secretion of the parathormone is inhibited
with osteoporosis, the (?) and the (?) are are most severely affected, although all bones are affected to some degree
vertebrae and pelvis
the facial bones and what other six bones are considered irregular bones?
vertebrae, hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, ear, hyoid
this vitamin is necessary for bone resorption
vitamin A
this vitamin is necessary for synthesis of collagen in bone matrix
vitamin C
this vitamin is covered to active 1.25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by the parathormone
vitamin D
what is the treatment of Rickets?
vitamin D supplement plus dietary calcium and phosphate
name the four types of non-living material
-calcium phosphate -calcium carbonate -inert material -matrix proteins
name the four functions of the skeletal system
-shape -protection -movement -storage of inorganic salts
when the thyroid gland is inhibited, the release of (?) decreases, which decreases the inhibition of osteoclasts
calcitonin
this is the name given to all the bones that do not neatly fit into any other category
irregular bones
this is a multinuclear bone destroying cell
osteoclast
this hormone promotes bone growth, especially long bones, and increases the size and strength of bones
testosterone
this hormone stimulates protein synthesis and increases the production of bone matrix
testosterone
if bones become depleted of calcium, then blood calcium drops due to poor absorption from gut, (?) results causing death
tetanic respiratory spasm
what is the primary requirement for fracture healing
the bones must make contact with one another
no calcium and phosphate = (?)
weakened bones
during this zone the chondrocytes do not contribute to growth in the bone length
zone of resting
in this zone, blood vessels enter the plate from the epiphysis, and nutrients enter cartilage of the plate by diffusion from these blood vessels
zone of resting
the purpose of this zone is to firmly attach the cartilaginous plate to the epiphysis
zone of resting
this zone consists largely of hyaline cartilage
zone of resting
name the eight flat bones of the cranium
(2) parietal, (2) temporal, occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
name the fourteen irregular facial bones
(2) zygomatic, (2) palatine, (2) lacrimal, (2) nasal, vomer, (2) inferior nasal concha, (2) maxilla, mandible
Calcium is needed for (?)
-blood clot formation -nerve impulse conductor -muscle contraction
name four connective tissues of the skeletal system
-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood
name the five active tissues of the skeletal system
-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood -nerve
name six tissue types of the skeletal system
-bone -cartilage -fibrous connective tissue -blood -nerve -nonliving material
vitamin D is necessary for absorbing calcium from the (?)
gut
describe the steps of endochondral ossification
1. Mesenchymal cells in a region of future bones proliferate and become tightly packed, which forms the rough outline of the bone being formed 2. mesenchymal cells continue to differentiate into chondrocytes and lay down the cartilage matrix, forming the model of bone 3. cells located at the edge create the perichondrium, some of these cells later differentiate into osteoblasts, some retain mesenchyme characteristics. the osteoblast from the collar bone. 4. chondrocytes within the shaft enlarge and signal the surrounding cartilage matrix to calcify. 5. the perichondrium starts budding capillaries (periosteal bud) which invade the internal cavities, forming the spongy bone. 6. at this time, some cells differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes, forming a thin layer of bone around the middle portion of the cartilagenous model. (at this time the connective tissue layer around this bone is called the periosteum) 7. as the primary ossification center enlarges and spreads, osteoclasts reabsorb the newly formed spongy bone to create the medullary cavity in the center of the shaft. 8. in long bone only, a secondary ossification center is created in the epiphysis and spongy bone forms in all directions from the secondary ossification center
what are the four distinct regions of the epiphyseal plate
1. Zone of resting or reserve cartilage 2. zone of proliferation 3. zone of maturation 4. zone of calcification
describe the three functions that the parathormone stimulates which causes the blood calcium level to rise
1. calcium is released from bones by osteoclasts 2. calcium absorption by GI tract increases 3. loss of calcium from urine is inhibited
Name the different bone structures: Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass: Furrow
groove