A & P Semester Test 1

_______, one of the great early anatomists, promoted the idea of "living anatomy."

Vesalius

A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are

all composed of building blocks called nucleotides

Proteins are composed of building blocks called

amino acids

A reduction reaction is always accompanied by

an oxidation reaction

Sister chromatids pull apart to form single-stranded chromosomes during

anaphase

The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under

anatomy

A reduction in muscle size, tone, and power is called

atrophy

From the basement membrane outward, the strata of the epidermis are

basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum (Before Signing, Get Legal Counsel)

Which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body?

blood

Hematopoiesis is the process of

blood cell production

The minute passageways in the bony matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other are called

canaliculi

Homeostasis is defined as the

capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment

The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?

carbohydrates

There are four vital organic compounds in the human body; those are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Organic compounds are those that always contain

carbon and hydrogen

The four most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

The smallest structures that are considered to be alive are

cells

Tissues are formed by a group of _____ that perform similar functions

cells

Energy stored in ATP is a form of ____ energy

chemical

All of the following characteristics are used in naming muscles except

color

Long bones such as the humerus have solid external walls of ____________ bone, with ____________ bone found primarily within the epiphyses.

compact, spongy

The completion of ___ marks the end of cell division

cytokinesis

Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _____ reactions

decomposition

Which epidermal layer is found in thick skin only

stratum lucidum

Skeletal muscle is

striated and voluntary

Anatomy deals with the

structure of the human body

The directional term ____ refers to a body part that is toward the head, or above

superior

A(n) ____ reaction is one in which two or more smaller molecules with low free energy are combined into a larger molecule with greater free energy

synthesis

The reaction Na + Cl -> NaCl is an example of

synthesis

A protein can become denatured when

weak hydrogen bonds are broken

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?

Two amino acids are bonded together of form a dipeptide

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism?

Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold

Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?

A toilet tank refills itself after a flush

Which of the following reactions represents a decomposition reaction?

AB -> A + B

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

All of the above (Lipids are insoluble in water; Cholesterol and fats are different varieties of lipids; Fat molecules contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen is much smaller than in carbohydrates)

Which of the following statements about proteins is true

All of the above (They can act as enzymes; proteins are necessary for body structure and they serve as energy sources, and chemical messengers; proteins are made up with C, H, O, and N, and sometimes S)

Which statement regarding the rule of water in the body is true?

All of the above (Water can absorb and transport heat; Water is the most abundant compound in the body; Water carries nutrients as well as waste materials)

Processes that move molecules passively across the cell membrane include

All of the above (diffusion, osmosis, bulk filtration)

An example of macromolecules in our body include

All of the above (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids)

The first anatomical illustration published by ______ started a revolution in medical studies

Andreas Vesalius

Which one among the following expresses the chemical formula of glucose?

C6H12O6

What would be classified as a lipid?

Cholesterol - a steroid

Meisosis differs from mitosis in what ways?

Crossing over, meiosis produces haploid cells, meiotic daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell

Which of the following is an organic compound?

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Which organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretion or use within the cell?

Golgi apparatus

A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is called

a tendon

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the ___ cavity

abdominal

A nerve impulse triggers the release of what chemical at a neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine (ACh)

Lemon juice and vinegar are ____ in nature

acidic

What are the principal proteins of muscle contraction?

actin and myosin

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the-

diaphragm

Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposite?

distal and proximal

Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move

down their concentration gradient

In ionic bonding

electrons are transferred from atom to another

The four principal types of tissues are

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

The thigh is identified as the ____ region

femoral

Physiology deals with the

functions of the human body

The study of the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible without a microscope is termed macroscopic or ____ anatomy

gross

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

growth of body parts

Which of the following does not correctly pair an organ with its organ system?

heart, lymphatic system

The study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called

histology

Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life?

intellectual capability

Which phase of a somatic cell's life cycle is the longest?

interphase

Fibrocartilage is found in which of these structures?

intervertebral discs and pubic smphysis

_____ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle

intramembranous

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location

kidney

Each of the following is an attribute of skeletal muscle fibers except

lack striations

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is

lateral

Which term describes a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones?

ligament

Digestion and self-destruction are functions of which organelle?

lysosome

Small molecules combine to form

macromolecules

Examples of apocrine glands include which of the following

mammary and some sweat glands

Physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as

metabolism

______ occurs when the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell

metaphase

Which anatomic plane would section the body into matching left and right sides?

midsagittal

Most of a cell's ATP is synthesized by membrane-bound organelles called

mitochondria

Carbohydrates contain units known as

monosaccharides

A single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions in between constitute a

motor unit

Individual skeletal muscle cells are known as

muscle fibers

Which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?

muscular

Cells in which tissue type are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?

nervous

Which organ system controls body movement and responds to sensory stimuli?

nervous

The skin is an example of a(n)

organ

Cells contain structures called _____, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion

organelles

Which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity

organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

Which of the following entities represents the highest level of organization?

organism

Structures consisting of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific function are called

organs

Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomic position

palms are pressed lightly against the thighs

Which of the following is most inferior in location

pelvic cavity

The axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components?

pelvic girdle

Which of the following are types of endocytosis

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by a(an) ____ bond

polar covalent

A blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of

positive feedback

Tissues can best be described as

precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions

Carbohydrates are also known as

primary sources of energy

During which stage of mitosis does chromatin coil into chromosomes?

prophase

The correct sequence of the stages of mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

Peptide bonds are found in all the molecules of

proteins

Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body?

proteins

Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of

puberty

Hemoglobin in the red blood cells if formed by the _____ structure of protein

quaternary

To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to

reproduce

The ability of an organism to sense changes that takes place within its body is an example of

responsiveness

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

reverses the activity of the original stimulus

Which organelles synthesize proteins

ribosomes

The functional contractile units of a skeletal muscle fiber

sacromeres

A ____ section separates the body into right and left portions

sagittal

The three major anatomical planes are

sagittal, frontal, and transverse

What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called?

sarcolemma

The primary structure of a protein is determined by the

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

The deltoid muscle is named on the basis of its

shape

A covalent bone is characterized by

sharing electrons by the atoms

Cytology is the study of ____ and their structures, while histology is the study of _____

single cells, tissues

What organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells?

skeletal

The three shapes of cells used to classify most epithelia are described as

squamous columnar, and cubodial

A major function of Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) is that DNA

stores genetic information

Which of the statements best describes the relationship between structure and function?

the anatomy of specific body parts often suggests their functions

The diaphragm is located between which two body cavities?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

The appendicular skeleton comprises all of the following except

thoracic cage and vertebral column

The term "dorsal" means

toward the back of the body

Functions of bone include all of the following except

transport of materials

Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the _____ plane.

transverse

Which anatomic plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

transverse

How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule

two