A & P Semester Test 1
_______, one of the great early anatomists, promoted the idea of "living anatomy."
Vesalius
A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are
all composed of building blocks called nucleotides
Proteins are composed of building blocks called
amino acids
A reduction reaction is always accompanied by
an oxidation reaction
Sister chromatids pull apart to form single-stranded chromosomes during
anaphase
The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under
anatomy
A reduction in muscle size, tone, and power is called
atrophy
From the basement membrane outward, the strata of the epidermis are
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum (Before Signing, Get Legal Counsel)
Which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body?
blood
Hematopoiesis is the process of
blood cell production
The minute passageways in the bony matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other are called
canaliculi
Homeostasis is defined as the
capability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
The molecule used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups?
carbohydrates
There are four vital organic compounds in the human body; those are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic compounds are those that always contain
carbon and hydrogen
The four most abundant elements in the human body are
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
The smallest structures that are considered to be alive are
cells
Tissues are formed by a group of _____ that perform similar functions
cells
Energy stored in ATP is a form of ____ energy
chemical
All of the following characteristics are used in naming muscles except
color
Long bones such as the humerus have solid external walls of ____________ bone, with ____________ bone found primarily within the epiphyses.
compact, spongy
The completion of ___ marks the end of cell division
cytokinesis
Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _____ reactions
decomposition
Which epidermal layer is found in thick skin only
stratum lucidum
Skeletal muscle is
striated and voluntary
Anatomy deals with the
structure of the human body
The directional term ____ refers to a body part that is toward the head, or above
superior
A(n) ____ reaction is one in which two or more smaller molecules with low free energy are combined into a larger molecule with greater free energy
synthesis
The reaction Na + Cl -> NaCl is an example of
synthesis
A protein can become denatured when
weak hydrogen bonds are broken
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
Which of the following is a synthesis reaction?
Two amino acids are bonded together of form a dipeptide
Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism?
Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold
Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?
A toilet tank refills itself after a flush
Which of the following reactions represents a decomposition reaction?
AB -> A + B
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
All of the above (Lipids are insoluble in water; Cholesterol and fats are different varieties of lipids; Fat molecules contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen is much smaller than in carbohydrates)
Which of the following statements about proteins is true
All of the above (They can act as enzymes; proteins are necessary for body structure and they serve as energy sources, and chemical messengers; proteins are made up with C, H, O, and N, and sometimes S)
Which statement regarding the rule of water in the body is true?
All of the above (Water can absorb and transport heat; Water is the most abundant compound in the body; Water carries nutrients as well as waste materials)
Processes that move molecules passively across the cell membrane include
All of the above (diffusion, osmosis, bulk filtration)
An example of macromolecules in our body include
All of the above (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids)
The first anatomical illustration published by ______ started a revolution in medical studies
Andreas Vesalius
Which one among the following expresses the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
What would be classified as a lipid?
Cholesterol - a steroid
Meisosis differs from mitosis in what ways?
Crossing over, meiosis produces haploid cells, meiotic daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell
Which of the following is an organic compound?
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Which organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretion or use within the cell?
Golgi apparatus
A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is called
a tendon
The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the ___ cavity
abdominal
A nerve impulse triggers the release of what chemical at a neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine (ACh)
Lemon juice and vinegar are ____ in nature
acidic
What are the principal proteins of muscle contraction?
actin and myosin
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the-
diaphragm
Which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposite?
distal and proximal
Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move
down their concentration gradient
In ionic bonding
electrons are transferred from atom to another
The four principal types of tissues are
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
The thigh is identified as the ____ region
femoral
Physiology deals with the
functions of the human body
The study of the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible without a microscope is termed macroscopic or ____ anatomy
gross
Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for
growth of body parts
Which of the following does not correctly pair an organ with its organ system?
heart, lymphatic system
The study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called
histology
Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life?
intellectual capability
Which phase of a somatic cell's life cycle is the longest?
interphase
Fibrocartilage is found in which of these structures?
intervertebral discs and pubic smphysis
_____ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle
intramembranous
Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location
kidney
Each of the following is an attribute of skeletal muscle fibers except
lack striations
The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is
lateral
Which term describes a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones?
ligament
Digestion and self-destruction are functions of which organelle?
lysosome
Small molecules combine to form
macromolecules
Examples of apocrine glands include which of the following
mammary and some sweat glands
Physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as
metabolism
______ occurs when the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell
metaphase
Which anatomic plane would section the body into matching left and right sides?
midsagittal
Most of a cell's ATP is synthesized by membrane-bound organelles called
mitochondria
Carbohydrates contain units known as
monosaccharides
A single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions in between constitute a
motor unit
Individual skeletal muscle cells are known as
muscle fibers
Which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?
muscular
Cells in which tissue type are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?
nervous
Which organ system controls body movement and responds to sensory stimuli?
nervous
The skin is an example of a(n)
organ
Cells contain structures called _____, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion
organelles
Which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity
organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems
Which of the following entities represents the highest level of organization?
organism
Structures consisting of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific function are called
organs
Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomic position
palms are pressed lightly against the thighs
Which of the following is most inferior in location
pelvic cavity
The axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components?
pelvic girdle
Which of the following are types of endocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by a(an) ____ bond
polar covalent
A blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of
positive feedback
Tissues can best be described as
precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions
Carbohydrates are also known as
primary sources of energy
During which stage of mitosis does chromatin coil into chromosomes?
prophase
The correct sequence of the stages of mitosis is
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)
Peptide bonds are found in all the molecules of
proteins
Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body?
proteins
Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of
puberty
Hemoglobin in the red blood cells if formed by the _____ structure of protein
quaternary
To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to
reproduce
The ability of an organism to sense changes that takes place within its body is an example of
responsiveness
In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector
reverses the activity of the original stimulus
Which organelles synthesize proteins
ribosomes
The functional contractile units of a skeletal muscle fiber
sacromeres
A ____ section separates the body into right and left portions
sagittal
The three major anatomical planes are
sagittal, frontal, and transverse
What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called?
sarcolemma
The primary structure of a protein is determined by the
sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
The deltoid muscle is named on the basis of its
shape
A covalent bone is characterized by
sharing electrons by the atoms
Cytology is the study of ____ and their structures, while histology is the study of _____
single cells, tissues
What organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells?
skeletal
The three shapes of cells used to classify most epithelia are described as
squamous columnar, and cubodial
A major function of Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) is that DNA
stores genetic information
Which of the statements best describes the relationship between structure and function?
the anatomy of specific body parts often suggests their functions
The diaphragm is located between which two body cavities?
thoracic and abdominopelvic
The appendicular skeleton comprises all of the following except
thoracic cage and vertebral column
The term "dorsal" means
toward the back of the body
Functions of bone include all of the following except
transport of materials
Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the _____ plane.
transverse
Which anatomic plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
transverse
How many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule
two