A couple scholastic bowl questions

This artist sings "I'm 19 and I'm on fire" in a song where she repeats "it's just another graceless night." That song talks of "trying to find" the title locations. In another of her songs, both "rumors" and "great whites" have "big teeth" that "bite you." That song opens with the lines "I do my (*) makeup in somebody else's car / we order different drinks at the same bars." For 10 points, name this artist whose Melodrama includes "Perfect Places" and "Green Light," and who sang of "gold teeth, grey goose, trippin' in the bathroom" in "Royals."

Lorde (or Ella Marija Lani Yelich-O'Connor)

Aaronson, Jones, and Rutherford frequent the Chestnut Tree Cafe in this novel, in which the dictionary writer Syme is "vaporized" out of existence. The protagonist of this novel buys a coral paperweight and rents an upstairs room from the antique shop owner (*) Charrington, where he has an affair with a member of the Junior Anti-Sex League. After being told that "we shall meet in a place with no darkness" by O'Brien, the protagonist of this novel is tortured by rats and betrays Julia in Room 101. Winston Smith declares that he loves Big Brother at the end of, for 10 points, what George Orwell novel?

1984

This election saw the introduction of a circular logo depicting a sun rising over an American flag, as well as debate over the tax rate for "Joe the Plumber." One candidate in this election was hurt by his relationship with a preacher who claimed (*) 9/11 was America's "chickens coming home to roost," Jeremiah Wright. A blue and red "hope" poster featured in a campaign led by David Axelrod in, for 10 points, what election where the slogan "yes we can" was used by Barack Obama?

2008 U.S. presidential election

A letter authored by Charles Cooper sparked this event. One participant in this event supported Morgan Lewis, who won a gubernatorial race against the other participant in this event. That participant previously defeated Philip Schuyler in a Senate election. This event took place in (*) Weehawken, New Jersey because New York enforced a ban on the practice, and saw one participant fire a shot into a tree before he was intentionally shot and killed. For 10 points, in what fight did a sitting Vice President shoot a former Secretary of the Treasury?

Aaron Burr -- Alexander Hamilton duel (or Burr killing Hamilton; accept equivalents)

Eid al-Adha celebrates this man, who supposedly built the Kaaba with his eldest son. In the Quran, Allah protects this man from being burned at the stake by Nimrod, cooling the fire. In the Old Testament, this man asks for Sodom and Gomorrah to be spared if ten good men could be found and fathers a son with his wife's (*) handmaid. After traveling to Moriah, this father of Ishmael with Hagar is given a ram to sacrifice instead of his son Isaac. For 10 points, name this husband of Sarah, a common patriarch of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity

Abraham (or Abram; or Ibrahim)

This holiday is the setting of a story in which John Horner is nearly framed for a crime James Ryder commits by hiding a gem in a goose. In addition to "The Blue Carbuncle," a scene set during this holiday sees the March sisters donate their breakfast to the Hummel family. Mr. (*) Fezziwig hosts a ball on this holiday, on which a turkey is donated to the Cratchit family by Ebenezer Scrooge. For 10 points, Charles Dickens wrote a "carol" about what December holiday?

Christmas

The protagonist of this novel reveals his true identity to secure the release of Champmathieu [CHAHMP-MAH-THEW], who had been mistaken for the protagonist. Another character in this novel is shot while collecting ammunition for the revolutionary group the Friends of the ABC. After being abandoned by Felix, one character in this novel sells her teeth before becoming a (*) prostitute. Bishop Muriel gives two silver candlesticks to the protagonist of this novel, who later rescues Fantine's daughter, Cosette. Eponine saves the life of Marius in, for 10 points, what Victor Hugo novel in which Inspector Javert pursues Jean Valjean?

Les Miserables

This work argues that the "main abuse of Scripture" is using it to prove the "Kingdom of God is the present Christian church," damaging the authority of the civil ruler. This work, which outlines the four causes of the Kingdom of Darkness, states there is no (*) summum bonum, a greatest good, but only a summum malum, a greatest evil, in "Of Man." That leads to the creation of a commonwealth and a sovereign with twelve rights in order to avoid a "war of all against all" where life is "nasty, poor, brutish, and short." For 10 points, name this work by Thomas Hobbes.

Leviathan or The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil

This god tied himself to a goat in order to make the giantess Skadi laugh after his theft and retrieval of Idun lead to the death of her father Thiazi. This god disrupted the Sons of Ivaldi, resulting in Mjolnir's [MEOL-NEAR'S] short handle. He prevented the finishing of Asgard's walls by mating with (*) Svadilfari and giving birth to Sleipnir. After this god caused Baldr's death by giving the blind Hodur a piece of mistletoe, he was tied to a rock and with snake venom dripping onto his eyes. The father of Fenrir and Hel is, for 10 points, what Norse trickster god?

Loki

One church in this city depicts the ten martyrs of the twentieth century, while another church's "Warrant Design" is in the shape of a Latin cross. That building's 365-foot dome has a continuous colonnade with a niche in every fourth opening. A Norman-Foster designed skyscraper in this city has bands of light and dark glass, is known as the (*) Gherkin, and is at 30 St. Mary's Axe. This city's tallest building is a 95-story glass skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano, the Shard. For 10 points, name this city where Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral after a "great" 1666 fire.

London, England

In the music video for this song, one rendition of the artist is told "stop making that surprised face. It's so annoying." That music video opens with the artist crawling out of a grave and singing "I don't like your little games." This song states "I've got a list of names and yours is in red, (*) underlined" and "I got smarter, I got harder in the nick of time." "I don't trust nobody and nobody trusts me / I'll be the actress starring in your bad dreams" is repeated in this song. "The old Taylor Swift can't come to the phone right now" in, for 10 points, what single from Reputation?

Look What You Made Me Do

. One leader of this country authored the book The Presidential Succession in 1910 and invoked the Plan of San Luis Potosi after his arrest. The Cristero War was a pro-Catholic revolt in response to this country's Constitution of 1917. This country's "Ten Tragic Days" saw Victoriano (*) Huerta overthrow Francisco Madero. One rebel in this country was hunted by General John Pershing after raiding Columbus. Porfirio Diaz was overthrown in the "Revolution" of, for 10 points, what country home to Pancho Villa?

Mexico (or United Mexican States)

This scientist confirmed Gauss's Law using a namesake "ice-pail" and showed that the charge on closed conductors remains on their surface. His namesake law states that when a magnet passing through a coil of wire produces a current, the induced electromotive force is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic (*) flux. The inventor of the dynamo and a device where the interior electric field is always zero, his namesake "cage," is, for 10 points, what physicist whose namesake law explains magnetic induction?

Michael Faraday

Frank Meshberger argued that background figures in one of this artist's paintings form the shape of a human brain. In separate paintings, this artist depicted Noah being covered with a blanket due to his drunkenness and the saved rising on the left while the damned fall on the right during the Second Coming of Christ. This artist depicted God and the first human (*) reaching out towards each other in The Creation of Adam. For 10 points, what Renaissance artist painted The Last Judgement on the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (accept either)

This artist collaborated with John McLaughlin to write "Shhh/Peaceful" on the album In a Silent Way. This artist included a variation of guitarist Joaquin Rodrigo's "Concierto de Aranjuez" [CON-CIER-TO DAY AR-AHN-HUEZ] in an album arranged by Gil Evans. He experimented with electronic instruments in the album Bitches Brew, and collaborated with (*) John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, and Bill Evans on an album including "Flamenco Sketches" and "So What." For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter behind Sketches of Spain and Kind of Blue.

Miles Davis

This experiment used x-rays as its radiation source to ionize air, while its namesake substance in this experiment was chosen because of its low vapor pressure. This experiment's setup allowed for an electric field to be produced in between two horizontal metal plates. Terminal velocity had to be reached for this experiment to use (*) Stoke's Law to calculate the drag on a charged particle. For 10 points, name this experiment performed by Millikan and Fletcher to determine the size and charge of an electron.

Millikan oil drop experiment

In a novel set in this state, Laura McKelva travels to Mount Salus to bury her father, The Judge. Characters who live in this primary location of The Optimist's Daughter include Rosa Coldfield, who leaves Thomas Sutpen. In another novel set in this state, Cash re-breaks his leg during a river crossing and Vardaman states (*)"My mother is a fish." The Bundren family journeys through the fictional Yoknapatawpha [YOKE-NA-PA-TAW-FA] County in, for 10 points, what setting of William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! and As I Lay Dying, and where Willie Stark governs from Jackson in All The King's Men?

Mississippi

Mlada's ghost brings Yaromir to a gathering of the dead in a tone poem by this composer. This composer depicted a hut on hen's legs owned by Baba Yaga, and used an alto saxophone solo to depict a troubadour singing in front of "The Old Castle" in a suite. Maurice Ravel removed the (*) "Promenades" that connects the movements of that work by this composer, in which a series of bell-like chords in E-flat major are used to depict the "Great Gate of Kiev." Night on Bald Mountain was written by, for 10 points, what member of "the Mighty Five" who wrote Pictures at an Exhibition?

Modest Mussorgsky

In one play by this author, Arnolphe is unable to prevent Agnes from marrying Horace, while in another, the servant Toinette [TWA-NET] tricks Beline after Angelique is nearly forced to marry Thomas Diafoirus [TOM-AH DEE-AH-FWA-ROOS]. This author died while performing as that play's hypochondriac protagonist, Argan. In addition to The Imaginary Invalid and (*) The School for Wives, this author wrote a play in which Damis catches the titular character trying to seduce Elmire and Louis XIV [FOURTEENTH] saves Orgon's family from the titular religious fraud. For 10 points, name this French playwright of Tartuffe.

Moliere (accept Jean-Baptiste Poquelin)

This artist depicted a man in a brown jacket speaking at a town hall meeting as two men in suits and ties look towards him in a painting based on an inaugural address. This artist depicted Ruby Bridges integrating a New Orleans school in The Problem We All Live With, but is better known for depicting a family about to eat (*) Thanksgiving dinner. For 10 points, name this American painter who included Freedom of Speech and Freedom From Want in his "Four Freedoms" series, an illustrator for the Saturday Evening Post.

Norman Rockwell

This deity changes into a snake in order to travel through a hole Baugi drilled into a mountain while disguised as Bolverk. This owner of the wolves Geri and Freki placed the self-replicating ring Draupnir on Baldr's funeral pyre, and was gifted a horse that was conceived as Asgard's walls were being built. This deity sacrificed an (*) eye in order to gain wisdom and hung himself from Yggdrasil [IGG-DRUH-SILL] for nine days in order to learn the runes. The ravens Huginn and Muninn report to, for 10 points, which chief deity of the Norse gods?

Odin (accept Wotan)

Aglauros and Herse threw themselves off a cliff after opening a box given to them by this goddess. That box contained Erichthonius, a product of Hephaestus's attempt to rape this goddess. This goddess gained one of her epithets after killing a giant and putting his flayed skin on her aegis [AGE-IS] and turned (*) Arachne into a spider after losing a weaving contest. This deity beat Poseidon's gift of a salt spring with an olive tree and was born fully formed from Zeus's head. For 10 points, name this grey-eyed goddess of wisdom, the namesake of Greece's capital.

Pallas Athena

Frank Gehry designed Beekman tower at 8 Spruce Street in this city. One building in this city has two lion statues named Patience and Fortitude and is in Bryant Park. An art-deco style building in this city has ornamentation resembling radiator (*) caps and is the tallest brick building in the world. The Metropolitan Opera is at Lincoln Center is in this city where the Fearless Girl statue faces Charging Bull. The Chrysler Building and Wall Street are in, for 10 points, what city?

New York City (or New York, New York)

The "Great Relief" ended this state's siege of Fort St. Angelo on Malta. This empire's Edict of Gulhane began its Tanzimat reforms, while its devshirme recruited young boys to be trained for civil and military service. This empire's Hayreddin Barbarossa was defeated by Don John of Austria's (*) Holy League fleet at Lepanto, while Poland's "Winged Hussars" drove off its 1683 siege of Vienna. The "sick man of Europe" was, for 10 points, what empire ruled by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent from Istanbul?

Ottoman Empire

In this play, Joe Crowell graduates from MIT only to die in World War I. While at Mr. Morgan's drugstore, one character in this play orders ice cream sodas and reveals he has scrapped his plans to go to agriculture school. Choir members gossip about the alcoholic Simon Stimson and routinely sing (*) "Blessed Be the Tie that Binds" in this play, in which one character chooses to go back to her 12th birthday. For 10 points, name this Thornton Wilder play set in Grover's Corners, which features the marriage of Emily Webb and George Gibbs.

Our Town

In one poem, this poet described figures such as Trujillo [TRUE-HEE-YO], Tacho, and Carias, members of "the dictatorship of the flies." This poet of "The United Fruit Company" noted that "the memory of you emerges from the night around me" in a poem which repeats the line "in you everything sank!" This poet, who described climbing to (*) "The Heights of Machu Picchu" in a section of his Canto General, included the line "Tonight I can write the saddest lines" in another collection. For 10 points, name this Chilean poet of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.

Pablo Neruda

The right to elect and remove a preacher was among the Twelve Articles issued by participants in one of these general events; those people were led by Thomas Muntzer and lost the Battle of Frankenhausen. Another one of these general events was a response to the corvee [CORE-VAY], the taille [TIE], and a law requiring the defense of chateaus [SHUH-TOES] against English attack. Another of these events began after John of Gaunt introduced a (*) poll tax in 1381 and led to the death of Wat Tyler. For 10 points, name these events where lower-class farmers attempt to force governmental change.

Peasants' Revolts (accept Peasants' Wars or synonyms; accept German Peasants' Revolt before "corvee," prompt on "Jacquerie")

This artist depicted his wife as the Virgin Mary with a hole through her chest and an egg above her head. Another of his paintings depicts a stony figure near a man crying into a pool. Bricks and a fish float in the air in this artist's depiction of the (*) "Disintegration" of his most famous painting. That painting by this artist of The Madonna of Port Lligat and Metamorphosis of Narcissus depicts a lone tree and ants crawling over a melting clock. For 10 points, name this surrealist artist of The Persistence of Memory.

Salvador Dali i Domenech

This poet described "silent icicles" and a "quiet moon" while the title phenomenon "performs its secret ministry" in "Frost at Midnight." The narrator of one of this author's poems notes his "flashing eyes" and "floating hair" after he "drunk the milk of paradise." The river Alph runs through a "stately pleasure dome" in (*) Xanadu in a poem by this author, who wrote about a sailor describing "water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink" after shooting an albatross. For 10 points, name this Lake poet of "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Slipping relative to footwalls in this kind of structure forms horsts and grabens. Their listric type occurs when the plane governing their structure is curved. The hanging wall rises relative to the footwall in the (*) "reverse" form of these features, while their "transform" type are found on plate boundaries. A notable example of their strike-slip variety can be found in San Andreas, California. For 10 points, name these fractures in the crust, which can cause earthquakes.

faults (accept normal fault)

One example of these objects is a set of complex numbers c where z2 + c [z squared plus c] does not diverge to infinity. These objects, a random one of which can be created by a self-avoiding walk, had their name first coined in the paper "How Long is the (*) Coast of Britain?" One of these objects is created by dividing an equilateral triangle into smaller equilateral triangles and is named for Sierpinski. The Koch Snowflake and Mandelbrot set are examples of, for 10 points, what abstract mathematical objects containing patterns that repeat themselves at infinitely small scales?

fractals

In the quaternion system, this number has infinitely many square roots, including all points on the unit sphere, and is equal to Ijk [i times j times k]. This number, the cross product of the j and i vectors, is equal to "negative sin x divided by x" at "x equals 0." It is also equal to (*) "e to the power of i times pi" in Euler's identity, is the cosine of pi radians, and is the square of the imaginary number i. For 10 points, name this additive inverse of one, the largest negative integer.

-1 (negative one; or minus one)

The hearings for a cabinet nominee from this state led to the expression "nevertheless, she persisted" when Elizabeth Warren read a letter from Coretta Scott King about that nominee. A Chief Justice in this state was suspended after he ordered a continuation of this state's ban on same-sex (*) marriage and will face Doug Jones in an election. Interim Senator Luther Strange lost to Roy Moore in a Republican primary in this state. For 10 points, name this state formerly represented in the Senate by Jeff Sessions and governed from Montgomery.

Alabama

This man, in collaboration with Alonzo Church, solved David Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem [ENT-SHY-DUNGS-PROBLEM] about mentally computing a function of the natural numbers, which was possible if the function could be computed by one of his namesake (*) machines. His name appears in the acronym of a test used to determine whether the user is a human or a robot; those tests are called "CAPTCHA." For 10 points, name this computer scientist whose bombe machine broke the enigma code and whose namesake "machines" use a single stip of tape.

Alan Turing

The protagonist of one of this author's works compares Amsterdam to the "circles of hell"; that character, Jean-Baptiste Clamence, fails to save a woman from suicide in The Fall. The death of a host of rats leads Bernard Rieux [REE-YOU] to attempt to eradicate a disease in Oran in another novel by this author. The line "Maman (*) died today" opens a work by this author in which the protagonist sleeps with Marie Cardona and shoots an Arab on the beach. For 10 points, name this French-Algerian author of The Plague, who wrote about Meursault's [MER-SO'S] execution in The Stranger.

Albert Camus

Louis XIV is kidnapped and replaced by his fictional twin Philippe in this author's The Vicomte of Bragelonne. That work is the sequel to a novel by this author in which the protagonist's lover Constance is poisoned by a woman with a fleur-de-lis branded on her shoulder. The protagonist of another novel by this author is arrested before marrying (*) Mercedes and meets the Abbe Faria while imprisoned at the Chateau d'If. This author created M'Lady de Winter, who is opposed by Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnan. For 10 points, name this author of The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers.

Alexandre Dumas, pere

One of this director's films ends with a nun ringing a bell after Judy falls to her death. That film uses the dolly zoom to depict Scottie's fear of heights in an effect named for the film. Another film by this director sees a crop duster attempt to kill Roger Thornhill and ends with a climactic scene atop Mt. (*) Rushmore. A character in another of his films pretends to be his dead mother and murders Marion Crane in the shower. For 10 points, name this director of Vertigo, North by Northwest, and Psycho.

Alfred Hitchcock

After its tracking devices failed with over twenty people present, this company delayed the opening of its "Go" store in Seattle. Mobile Star was sued after it sold counterfeit Apple products through this company, which owns the streaming service Twitch. This company substantially cut the price of many groceries after it purchased (*) Whole Foods, while its virtual assistant Alexa became available on the Echo in 2015. Jeff Bezos is the CEO of, for 10 points, what online sales company?

Amazon.com

One political cartoon depicts this leader slaying a snake-like "many-headed monster" led by a man in a top hat, while another shows him stepping on the Constitution and wielding a "veto" in his left hand. This president required payment for government land in gold or silver in his (*) Specie Circular and defeated Nicholas Biddle in the "Bank War." He won the election of 1828, four years after Henry Clay struck the so-called "corrupt bargain" with John Quincy Adams. For 10 points, name this seventh American president, the victor of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.

Andrew Jackson

This poet muses that "Society is all but rude/To this delicious solitude" while describing a place where the mind "annihilates all that's made / To a green thought and a green shade." In another poem by this poet of "The Garden," the narrator remarks "the grave's a fine and private place / But none, I think, do there embrace" before exclaiming (*) "let us roll all our strength and all/our sweetness up into a ball." In that poem, a woman is warned about "time's winged chariot hurrying near." For 10 points, name this poet of To His Coy Mistress.

Andrew Marvell

The Velvet Underground performed during episodes of this artist's Exploding Plastic Inevitable. He depicted destroyed vehicles in his Death and Disaster series, including Silver Car Crash, and depicted overlapping images of an actor in Cowboy attire pointing a gun at the viewer in (*) Eight Elvises. This artist created many portraits of Mao and Marilyn Monroe, as well as images of coca-cola bottles, using silk screens in his New York City "Factory." For 10 points, name this Pop artist of Campbell's Soup Cans.

Andy Warhol

This man wrote a play in which Tuzenbach is killed by Solyony in a duel over Irina, and another in which the title character attempts to shoot Yelena's lover, Astrov Serebryakov. Konstantin Treplev shoots the title bird and commits suicide after the actress Nina leaves him for Trigorin in a play by this author. The servant (*) Firs is boarded up at the end of one of his plays, which sees Madame Ranevskaya sells her estate to Lopakhin, who then cuts down the title trees. For 10 points, name this Russian playwright of Three Sisters, The Seagull, and The Cherry Orchard.

Anton Chekhov

This composer published 12 concertos in the L'estro Armonico, and taught at an orphanage called the Ospedale [OS-PE-DAH-LE] della Pietà. This composer paired movements such as "Pleasure," "The Sea Storm," and "The Hunt" with sonnets in the collection The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. A collection of violin (*) concerti by this composer includes depictions of scenes such as stupor caused by the heat and a barking dog in movements such as "L'autunno" and "L'primavera." For 10 points, name this "Red Priest" and composer of The Four Seasons.

Antonio Vivaldi

This god branded the leopard form of Set with an iron rod while protecting Osiris' body and is enticed by bodies covered in herbs. The shrines of Cynopolis were dedicated to this deity, who performs an "opening of the mouth" ritual to allow individuals to eat and drink in the (*) Duat. This father of Kebechet weighs hearts against the feather of Ma'at to determine if the dead can move on to the afterlife. For 10 points, name this jackal-headed Egyptian god of cemeteries and mummification.

Anubis (or Anpu)

In a play by this man, objects such as pots and cheese graters witness a dispute between two dogs over some Sicilian cheese. A creature called the Hoopoe helps Pisthetaerus construct "Cloud-Cuckoo-Land" in a play by this author of The Wasps. The refrain "Brekekekex-koax-koax," punctuates his play about the bumbling (*) Dionysus's trip to the underworld, while another of his plays sees the women of Athens withhold sex from their husbands to end the Peloponnesian War. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek comic playwright of The Birds, The Frogs, and Lysistrata.

Aristophanes

In one play by this author, Quentin debates whether to marry Helga after Maggie's suicide. This author of After the Fall wrote about the imprisonment of Steve Deever for producing defective airplane parts that kill 21 pilots, a crime actually committed by Joe Keller. Flute music accompanies a character who is fired by Howard Wagner after trying to find his son (*) Biff a job in another play by this author. That character later commits suicide for insurance money. For 10 points, what playwright of All My Sons wrote about Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman?

Arthur Miller

One ruler of this city placed laws of tablets called axons and made petty theft punishable by death, while another ruler divided residents of this city into four classes including the Thetes [THEE-TES]. A leader of this city began a practice in which names were written on pottery shards and citizens were (*) exiled for 10 years. That ruler expanded the boule into the Council of Five Hundred. Ostracism was a practice of, for 10 points, what city ruled by Draco, Cleisthenes, and Solon, the Greek "birthplace" of democracy?

Athens

The Khorasan and Kufah gates were entrances to this city founded by al-Mansur. Al-Musta'sim, a ruler of this city, was wrapped in a rug and trampled to death by Mongol horses. Al-Khwarizmi [Al-KWAR-IZ-MEE] worked at a library founded by Harun al-Rashid in this city. (*) The Tigris River supposedly ran black with ink after the House of Wisdom was destroyed during Hulagu Khan's sack of this city. The Ba'ath party of Saddam Hussein had its headquarters in this city's "Green Zone." For 10 points, name this capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, the modern-day capital of Iraq.

Baghdad

The founder of this religion spend over a decade imprisoned in Acre. This religion's Hands of the Cause led its Ten Year Crusade, and its Covenant-Breakers are excommunicated members. The Seven Valleys and the Book of Certitude are books of this religion, whose followers fast for a (*) 19-day month. Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, and the Bab are manifestations of God according to this religion. Bahá'u'lláh [BA-HA-OL-LA] founded, for 10 points, what religion led from the Universal House of Justice in Haifa?

Baha'i Faith (or Bahaism)

The Alcmaeonid family allegedly signaled the losers of this battle with a shield. The strategoi Callimachus died during this battle where the cavalry of Datis and Artaphernes were still on their ships and unable to help. Although his side was waiting for reinforcements away celebrating (*) Carneia, Miltiades ordered an attack during his day of command at this battle. An Athenian army defeated an invading Persian force under Darius I in, for 10 points, what battle that led Pheidippides to run 26.2 miles?

Battle of Marathon

The sniper Vasily Zaytsev scored 225 kills during this battle where the Mamayev Kurgan heights changed hands several times due to their position above the battle. A building known as "Pavlov's House" held out for 60 days in this battle, part of the Case Blue offensive launched against the (*) Caucasus. Georgy Zhukov led this battle's Operation Uranus, which encircled the German Sixth Army under Friedrich Paulus. For 10 points, name this World War II battle fought over a Russian city on the Volga River.

Battle of Stalingrad

In one play by this author, Littlewitch, Querulous, and Win Wife attempt to prevent Dame Purecraft from marrying the Puritan Zeal-of-the-Land Busy. This author of Bartholomew Fair asked a figure to "drink to me only with thine eyes" in his poem "To Celia." Subtle and Captain Face attempt to scam (*) Sir Epicure Mammon by selling him a philosopher's stone in a play by this author, who also wrote a work in which Mosca gains the title character's fortune despite the efforts of Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino. For 10 points, this British playwright of The Alchemist and Volpone [VOL-PONE-EE].

Ben Jonson

When arguing for his theory of definite descriptions, this philosopher noted that the law of the excluded middle could lead to the conclusion that there is a "present king of France." This philosopher theorized the idea of a miniscule object in orbit between Earth and Mars to make (*) God's existence a burden of proof rather than disproof, his namesake "teapot." This author of "Why I Am Not a Christian" co-wrote a book with Alfred North Whitehead that used philosophical logic to make proofs. For 10 points, name this author of Principia Mathematica.

Bertrand Russell

Margarita Island is a popular tourist destination in this country where the Catatumbo River is home to a lightning storm for over 260 days of the year. Table-top mountains called tepuis can be found in this country's Canaima National Park, which is also home to the world's tallest (*) waterfall. The Llanos plain is drained by the Orinoco River in this country home to Angel Falls. Lake Maracaibo is the center of the oil industry in, for 10 points, what country once led by Hugo Chávez from Caracas?

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (or República Bolivariana de Venezuela)

A mob in this city sacked the office of stamp issuer Andrew Oliver and later destroyed the home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. Henry Knox led an artillery train that resulted in the setup of cannons on Dorchester Heights during the siege of this city. The (*) Port Act targeted this city after men dressed as Mohawk Indians attacked the Dartmouth. Five members of a snowball-throwing crowd were killed when Thomas Preston's soldiers fired on a group of protesters in, for 10 points, what Massachusetts city's "massacre?"

Boston, Massachusetts

In this novel, the Director is humiliated and forced to resign after a character who reads Shakespeare calls him his father; that character later hangs himself in a lighthouse after calling Lenina Crowne an "impudent strumpet." The Bokanovsky process is used to sort people into five (*) castes such as beta and gamma in this novel, in which the alpha-plus Bernard Marx is exiled to Iceland by Mustapha Mond after bringing Linda and John the Savage from Malpais, New Mexico to London. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.

Brave New World

In the Miller case, a Supreme Court stated that parliamentary approval was required for this action. Campaigning for and against this action was temporarily suspended when the neo-Nazi Thomas Mair murdered M.P. Jo Cox was murdered the month before the vote for this event, after which Nigel (*) Farage resigned as leader of the UKIP. The invocation of Article 50 officially began this action, the vote for which led to David Cameron resigning in place of Theresa May. For 10 points, a June 2016 referendum led to what action, a namesake country leaving the European Union?

Brexit (accept equivalents about the United Kingdom or Great Britain leaving the European Union)

One work by a poet with this last name ends with the exclamation "And yet God has not said a word!" after the narrator uses "one long yellow string" of hair to strangle his lover Porphyria. That poet with this surname described a woman depicted by Fra Pandolf who received a "bough of cherries" from "some officious fool," and had a "heart (*) too soon made glad." The line "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways" opens a sonnet by another author with this surname. For 10 points, name this surname of the poets of Sonnets from the Portuguese and "My Last Duchess."

Browning (accept Elizabeth Barrett Browning or Robert Browning)

After one of his generals defeated Sextus Pompeius at the Battle of Naulochus, this man removed a co-ruler governing Africa from power. After Arminius annihilated an army under Publius Quinctilius Varus east of the Rhine River, this emperor allegedly cried, "Give me back my (*) legions!" This emperor's forces lost at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest forty years after his general Marcus Agrippa won the Battle of Actium against Mark Antony, ending the Second Triumvirate. For 10 points - name this adopted son of Julius Caesar, the first Roman Emperor.

Caesar Augustus (or Gaius Octavius or Octavian, do not accept or prompt on "Caesar")

Manshiyat Naser is a slum in this city, whose inhabitants may also reside in the City of the Dead. The law student and anti-British advocate Fahmy, who longs for Maryam, and the philosophical Kemal live in this city under the patriarch Sayyid Ahmad, who keeps an iron hold over his family and wife Amina in Palace (*) Walk. This city's Tahrir Square was the site of protests against Hosni [OS-NEE] Mubarak during the Arab Spring. Naguib Mahfouz wrote a trilogy set in, for 10 points, what capital of Egypt?

Cairo, Egypt (accept Kahire)

This character predicts her death after turning up a diamond and a spade in the "Card Aria." This character claims she will dance the Seguidilla [SE-GEE-DEE-YA] at her friend Lilia Pastia's inn as she seduces a soldier, and eventually finds herself attracted to a character who sings the Toreador Song, (*) Escamillo [ES-CA-MEE-YO]. This character claims that "love is a rebellious bird" before throwing a rose to a lover while singing the "Habanera"; that man eventually stabs her at a bullfight. For 10 points, name this character who seduces Don Jose in a Georges Bizet opera.

Carmen

Former armies of this city were trapped in a canyon known as "The Saw" as part of the Mercenary War. This city violated a treaty after it sent an army to defend against raids by King Masinissa of Numidia, leading to the demand that it turn over all weapons and armor. Cato the (*) Elder ended every speech by saying this city "must be destroyed," and it was allegedly sown with salt once it was finally sacked. A general for this city orchestrated a double-envelopment at Cannae but lost to Scipio Africanus at Zama. Hannibal Barca was a general for, for 10 points, what Phoenician city that fought the Punic Wars?

Carthage

A Native American character in this book is continuously forced to move around when oil is discovered where he lives, while another is court-martialed after his company is paid to bomb his squadron's camp. A character who resembles Henry Fonda is promoted by an (*) IBM machine with a sense of humor in this novel, becoming Major Major Major Major. The Egyptian cotton market is cornered by Milo Minderbinder in this novel. Doc Daneeka and Colonel Cathcart force Yossarian to keep flying missions in, for 10 points, what satirical Joseph Heller anti-war novel?

Catch-22

In March 2016, this city's vice-mayor Wes Bellamy called for a removal of a Confederate monument in Lee Park, which was later renamed Emancipation Park. Richard Spencer held the May 2017 "Take Back Lee Park" rally in protest to the removal of that statue of Robert E. Lee. Heather Hayer died after a (*) car supposedly driven by James Alex Fields drove into a crowd in this city. Donald Trump condemned "violence on many sides" but not white supremacy in, for 10 points, what city, the site of the Unite the Right rally and the home of the University of Virginia?

Charlottesville, Virginia

Sudhir Venkatesh studied this city's Black Gangster Disciples in Gang Leader for a Day. Charles Drouet meets Caroline Meeber in this city in a Theodore Dreiser novel. The "murder castle" was run by H.H. Holmes in this setting of (*) Devil in the White City. Stanislovas is eaten by rats and the Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkus works at a meatpacking plant in this city in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. The 1893 World's Fair was hosted by, and the Willis tower is in, for 10 points, what Illinois city?

Chicago, Illinois (do not prompt on Illinois)

Sam rules the fictional country of Kangan in a novel by this author, and in another, the "osu" Clara Okeke undergoes an illegal abortion. In addition to Anthills of the Savannah, this author wrote a novel in which the protagonist disrupts the Week of Peace by beating up his wife and is forced to kill a boy he takes in, (*) Ikemefuna. That character is exiled for 7 years after his gun accidentally discharges at a funeral and kills Ezeudu's son. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author, whose "Africa Trilogy" includes Arrow of God, No Longer at Ease, and Things Fall Apart.

Chinua Achebe (accept Anthills of the Savannah before "author")

This composer used a series of parallel fifths chords to describe a structure submerged off of the Island of Ys [EES] in "The Sunken Cathedral." A suite by this composer includes a piece that quotes Tristan und Isolde, "Golliwog's Cakewalk." This composer of the Children's Corner suite included a section called "Play of Waves" (*) in another work, and based the third movement of his Suite Bergamasque on a Paul Verlaine poem depicting moonlight. For 10 points, name this French composer of La Mer and Clair de Lune.

Claude Debussy

Governor Alexander Spotswood's Knights of the Golden Horseshoe expedition explored the interior of this colony that Opechancanough [OH-PEH-CHAN-CA-NOH] led multiple wars against. A rebellion in this colony started with demand of a militia commission from Governor William Berkeley to defend against Indian raids, though its leader died of dysentery. This larger [EMPHASIZE] colony's first settlement saw the (*) "starving time" and became successful after John Rolfe planted tobacco. For 10 points, name this colony where Bacon's Rebellion burned down Jamestown.

Colony of Virginia (do not accept or prompt on "Jamestown")

This country established a Native Title Tribunal for land rights after the Mabo decision and enacted a national gun buyback program after the Port Arthur massacre. In 1967, this country's Prime Minister Harold Holt disappeared while swimming at Cheviot Beach. Despite the advice of the Bringing Them (*) Home report, this country's Prime Minister John Howard refused to apologize to the "Stolen Generations," leading to National Sorry Day. Aborigines live in, for 10 points, what country governed from Canberra?

Commonwealth of Australia

The La Factoria bar and La Perla neighborhood are featured in the music video for this song. "My sunrise on the darkest day / got me feelin' some kind of way" is a lyric in this song, which also instructs "baby, take it slowly." One performer of this song could not remember its chorus, substituting (*) "dorito" and "burrito" for its Spanish lyrics. This song states "this is how we do it down in Puerto Rico." For 10 points name this song by Puerto Rican artists Daddy Yankee and Luis Fonsi, which has a remix with Justin Bieber.

Despacito

The Battle of Muret and Siege of Carcassonne took place during one of these events led by Simon de Montfort. Guy [GEE] de Lusignan's army was crushed at the Horns of Hattin prior to one of these events, during which one leader drowned in the Saleph River. The Battle of Fariksur led to the ransom of (*) Louis IX [LOO-EE THE NINTH] by the Ayyubids during the "Seventh" of these events. The first of these campaigns was led by Peter the Hermit, who responded to the call of Pope Urban II, while the fourth sacked Constantinople. For 10 points, name these military expeditions to the "Holy Land."

Crusades (accept Albigensian Crusade before "Guy de Lusignan;" prompt on any specific crusade)

A newspaper owner allegedly told a reporter in this region "you furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." "Butcher" Valeriano Weyler was accused of killing residents of concentration camps on this island. James Buchanan wrote the Ostend Manifesto about the purchase of this (*) island. The Platt and Teller amendments governed U.S. relations with this country after the Spanish-American War, which included the Battle of San Juan Hill near Santiago on this island. For 10 points, name this country where the U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana

Cuba (prompt on Caribbean before "island")

One person with this surname names a constant that relates a material's magnetic susceptibility to its temperature. Two brothers with this surname studied Rochelle salt and quartz to discover piezoelectricity, and one of them also names the temperature at which a (*) ferromagnet begins to exhibit paramagnetic properties. The namesake of the SI unit for radioactivity, Henri Becquerel, shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with two people with surname, one of whom discovered the elements radium and polonium. For 10 points, give this last name shared by scientists Pierre and Marie.

Curie

One music video by this band features a man with a dog's head carrying a radio around what appears to be New York City. This group collaborated on a song saying "I switch up my cup, I kill any pain" and repeating "look what you've done." That song is (*) "Starboy" with The Weeknd. Another of their songs states "she's up all night to 'til the sun" and "we're up all night to get lucky." For 10 points, name this helmet-wearing French electronic duo.

Daft Punk

After the title character of this show is given the suggestion to ask other kids to sign his cast as a method of gaining friends, he sings "Waving Through a Window." Heidi and Cynthia, parents in this musical, sing a duet questioning if anybody has a map to communicate with (*) teenagers. Zoe Murphy grieves over the suicide of her brother Connor by singing "Requiem" for him in this musical, where Ben Platt writes letters to himself as the socially awkward title character. For 10 points, name this Pasek and Paul show that won "Best Musical" at the 2017 Tony Awards.

Dear Evan Hansen

This god carried a pinecone-topped staff which symbolized fertility called the thyrsus. This deity caused Lycurgus to go insane and kill his son after mistaking him for ivy, and called upon his followers, the maenads, to tear Pentheus apart. Acoetes [A-CO-EH-TEES] was the only one spared after this god turned a (*) crew of pirates into dolphins. This god, whose mother Semele [SEH-MEH-LEE] died after seeing Zeus's true form, was born after being sewn into Zeus's thigh. For 10 points, name this Greek god of wine and madness.

Dionysus (prompt on "Bacchus" before "Greek" is read)

This character instructs a servant to bring out wine to prepare for a party in the aria "Finch'han del vino," or the Champagne Aria, while his attempt to seduce Zerlina by singing the duet "La ci [CHEE] darem la mano" is foiled by Donna Elvira. Leporello chronicles the 2065 women this character had (*) seduced during the Catalogue Aria. This character is dragged down to Hell by the Commendatore [COMMEN-DA-TOR-AY] he had earlier murdered after refusing to repent. For 10 points, name this womanizer who titles an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Don Giovanni

Correspondents with the podcast Planet Money theorized about a robot called "BOTUS" that used "sentiment analysis" to evaluate these works and trade stocks. The first of these works was issued in 2009 and advertised its creator's appearance on Letterman. The Daily Show with Trevor Noah ran "Third (*) Month Mania," a bracket of these works, which later included one published at 12:06 AM that read "Despite the constant negative press covfefe." For 10 points, name these 140-character messages written by the current President of the United States.

Donald J. Trump's tweets (accept answers that mention both "Trump" and "tweets" or "Twitter"; prompt on partial answers; prompt on "Trumpisms" or "Trump quotes")

John Kelly stated that certain parts of this structure will be transparent, while another idea for this structure involves covering it with solar panels. Executive Order 13767 mandated the construction of this structure, which would be added to 600 miles of (*) fence authorized by George W. Bush. A 20% tariff on imports from a certain country was one proposed way to pay for this structure, which will supposedly be at least 30 feet tall. Enrique Pena Nieto stated Mexico would not pay for, for 10 points, what border object promised by Donald Trump?

Donald Trump's border wall (accept any answer about a wall on the U.S. - Mexico border)

One law based on this effect was challenged by Olbers, who claimed the universe was static and did not expand. Light undergoes chromatic aberration at velocities near the speed of light due to the relativistic form of this effect. Edwin Hubble used this (*) effect to explain why some galaxies will never be visible from Earth. This effect explains why the sound of the siren of an ambulance passing a stationary observer will decrease as it passes them, an example of blueshift or reverse redshift. For 10 points, name this effect which governs how a perceived frequency changes depending on the relative velocity of the source.

Doppler Effect

This president based his largest infrastructure program on the Pershing Map, while his farewell address warned against the influence of the military-industrial complex. After the launch of the Soviet satellite (*) Sputnik, this president established NASA. Prior to becoming president, this signer of the Interstate Highway Act led the D-Day landings. For 10 points, what president succeeded Harry Truman and served as Supreme Commander of Allied forces in World War II?

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower

This country was targeted by its neighbor with the Hallstein Doctrine. The SV Dynamo sports club was involved in many state-sponsored doping operations in this country, where the Trabant 601 automobile was produced. This country, the home of the Stasi secret police, built the 96 mile long "Anti-Fascist Protection (*) Wall," part of which included the "death strip" and led to the deaths of 327 people escaping to its western neighbor. That structure was torn down in 1989. For 10 points, name this country that was reunited with its Western counterpart in 1990.

East Germany (or German Democratic Republic; accept DDR or GDR; prompt on "Germany")

In one short story by this author, rats and the French Army free the protagonist from an execution device created by the Spanish Inquisition. This author also wrote about the walling in of a man wearing a jester costume who screams "For the love of God, (*) Montresor!" This author of "The Pit and the Pendulum" described a maiden who was envied by angels and was interred in a "sepulchre by the sea." For 10 points, name this author of "The Cask of Amontillado" and "Annabel Lee," who described a bird saying "nevermore" in "The Raven."

Edgar Allen Poe

In separate paintings, this artist depicted a blonde woman in a blue uniform standing next to a wall in a movie theater and a woman in a yellow hat staring into a cup of coffee. This artist of New York Movie and (*) Automat depicted two women facing each other at a Chinese restaurant in Chop Suey. This artist's most famous work depicts three patrons at a diner and an advertisement for Phillies five-cent cigars. For 10 points, name this American artist of Nighthawks.

Edward Hopper

Karl Lepsius created the first list of these structures, including the "buried" one. One of these structures includes a tunnel created by Caliph al-Ma'mun as well as five "Relieving Chambers" near the "King's Chamber." Dashur's "bent" example of these structures goes from a 54-degree to a 43-degree (*) incline. The first one of these structures was built for Djoser, while a "great" one is named for Khufu. For 10 points, Giza is the site of many of what structures, tombs for Egyptian pharaohs?

Egyptian pyramids (prompt on Egyptian Pharaoh's "Tombs")

In 2001, this man escaped from prison in a laundry cart after bribing his guards. A judge in his extradition case, Vicente Bermudez, was assassinated while jogging in 2016. That case began in 2015 after this man escaped from prison in by way of a tunnel through the shower of his cell. This man met with Sean (*) Penn for a covert Rolling Stone interview named "[this man] Speaks," which may have inadvertently led to his recapture The leader of the Sinaloa cartel is, for 10 points, what Mexican drug lord whose nickname translates to "shorty?"

El Chapo

This man's namesake algorithm can be extended to consider the solutions to Bezout's identity, but is usually applied to find the greatest common factor between two numbers. One of his works compares the side lengths of the five Platonic Solids to the radius of a sphere. He postulated that only one line can be (*) parallel to another, which may be violated in certain reference frames. In his namesake geometry, triangles can only have a sum of 180 degrees for internal angles. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek mathematician and author of Elements.

Euclid

The protagonist of this novel is given a green bullet earpiece after tearing pages out of a bible. That character in this novel agrees to memorize the Book of Ecclesiastes at the behest of Granger, who leads a group of outcasts. In this novel, Faber leaves for St. Louis after the release of a (*) Mechanical Hound, one of which is killed by a flamethrower along with Captain Beatty. Clarisse McClellan disappears and Mildred overdoses on sleeping pills in, for 10 points, what novel in which Guy Montag burns books as a fireman?

Fahrenheit 451

Drill monkeys and the Ikom Monoliths can be found near Calabar in this country's Cross River state. The Hausa people occupy the city and state of Kano in this country. Lokoja is the site of the (*) Benue River's confluence with the largest river in this country. The Bight of Bonny and the Bight of Biafra are off the coast of this country, which has many refineries at Port Harcourt. Lagos is in, for 10 points, what West African country with capital Abuja?

Federal Republic of Nigeria

One ruler of this country used the Cohen Plan as a pretense for totalitarian government and committed suicide after an assassination attempt on Carlos Lacerda in the Rua Tonelero incident. The "coffee with milk" period took place in this country invaded by Francisco Solano Lopez to start the (*) War of Triple Alliance. The first ruler of this country defeated the Confederation of the Equator and issued the Cry of Ipiranga, while a later ruler of this country abolished slavery with the Golden Law. For 10 points, name this country once led by Pedro II from Rio de Janeiro.

Federative Republic of Brazil

Modular arithmetic is applied to these values to find the Pisano period, and they can be generated using Binet's [BI-NAYS] formula. Every positive integer can be written as a sum of these numbers according to Zeckendorf's theorem. These companions to the Lucas numbers appear in the shallow diagonals of (*) Pascal's Triangle, and were used to describe the growth of a rabbit population in the book Liber Abaci. The limit of the ratios of these numbers converges to the golden ratio. For 10 points, name these numbers that begin with 0,1,1,2,3,5, named for an Italian mathematician.

Fibonacci numbers (accept Fibonacci sequence)

Pope Sixtus IV tacitly supported a failed coup in this city, after which he placed it under interdict. Vieri de Cerchi [V-AIR-EE DAY CHAIR-CHEE] and Corso Donati led competing "white" and "black" factions of the Guelphs [GWELPHS] in this city where the Ciompi [CHOMPY] wool workers revolted. Girolamo (*) Savonarola led many Bonfires of the Vanities in this city where the Pazzi conspiracy targeted a banking family headed by Lorenzo the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this central Italian city-state ruled by the Medici family.

Florence, Italy

This instrument plays the opening melody in Grieg's "Morning Mood," as well as a chromatic scale to introduce the main theme of Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. This instrument, which represents the bird in Peter and the Wolf, is in used by Tamino to survive Sarastro's challenges, allowing him to marry Pamina. In that opera (*) named for this instrument, the aria "Der Holle Rache" [DER HOLE-LAY RACH] is sung by the Queen of the Night. The piccolo is a smaller relative of, for 10 points, what high pitched wooden instrument, a "magic" one of which titles a Mozart opera?

Flute (accept The Magic Flute)

This company manufactured B-24 bombers at its Willow Run factory. Walter Reuther, a leader of the UAW, was beaten by this company's security guards at the Battle of the Overpass. This company employed the "Whiz Kids," who were instrumental in the release of the (*) Falcon. Robert McNamara and Lee Iacocca [I-UH-CO-CAH] led this company, whose founder promoted an 8-hour work day with $5 of pay. That founder started a rubber colony in Brazil and stated customers could have "any color so long as it's black" on the "tin lizzie." For 10 points, what company released the Model T?

Ford Motor Company

The ex-partner of one of this country's leaders criticized him in the book Thank You for This Moment, while its current leader worked as a banker at Rothschild & Co. One political scandal in this country involves a presidential candidate giving members of his family fictitious government jobs. The current President of this country had an extremely long (*) handshake with Donald Trump and defeated the far-right National Front candidate Marine Le Pen in a runoff election. For 10 points, name this country currently led by Emmanuel Macron.

France (or French Republic)

At the age of 18, this leader attempted to flee to England with Hans von Katte [KATT], and previously had an affair with Peter Keith. Georg Knobelsdorff designed this leader's summer palace, the Rococo villa Sanssouci. This leader led a surprise attack on the Saxons at (*) Hohenfriedberg [HO-HEN-FREED-BERG], reinforcing the Treaty of Breslau. This leader fled the field at the Battle of Mollwitz, but conquered Silesia after ignoring the Pragmatic Sanction to start the War of Austrian Succession. For 10 points, name this "enlightened despot," a "great" king of Prussia.

Frederick II (or Frederick the Great)

Georges Lefebvre [LE-FE-VREH] divided this event into "aristocratic," "bourgeois," and "popular" phases in its Marxist interpretation. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in response to this event. Women marched on the royal palace with cannons to protest the price of (*) bread during this event, which included a peasant uprising in the "Great Fear." Abbe Sieyes [AH-BAY SEE-YIZE] wrote What is the Third Estate? during this event. The Bastille was stormed in, for 10 points, what event that led to the execution of Louis XVI [THE 16th]?

French Revolution

This philosopher called himself a "free spirit" and argued his predecessors were morally prejudiced in one work. He divided an art form into Apollonian and Dionysian types in another work. This philosopher wrote of his "horrification" of the idea of eternal recurrence and argued that the main impetus behind behavior is the "will to (*) power." This author of The Birth of Tragedy believed humans were part of the evolution of the ubermensch. For 10 points, name this German author of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, who wrote "God is dead" in The Gay Science.

Friedrich Nietzsche

In one of these works, Eddie Money sings "Two Tickets to Paradise" while running a travel agency. Another one of these works sees Jack Be Nimble accidentally burn his shag carpeting before getting new pants from Banana Republic. Another one of these campaigns depicts a man drowning in quicksand in the desert while his feline pet looks on, because "If you're a cat, you ignore people. (*) It's what you do." For 10 points, name these TV advertisements that often feature a talking lizard advising that "15 minutes could save you 15 percent or more on car insurance".

GEICO commercials (accept GEICO advertisements; prompt on partial answer)

This author wrote about Pelayo and Elisenda, who charge villagers a fee to see an angel locked in their chicken coop in "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings." Dr. Juvenal Urbino dies after falling off a ladder, enabling Fermina Daza to marry Florentino Ariza, in a novel by this author. Ursula Iguaran and the colonel Aureliano are part of the seven generations of (*) Macondo's Buendia family in a magical realism novel by this author. For 10 points, name this Colombian author of Love in the Time of Cholera and One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez (prompt on partial last name)

One person with this name was accused of taking kickbacks in the Bofors Arms Scandal, while another person with this name presided over a period of forced sterilization and censorship called the Emergency. A third person with this surname was the subject of a speech that lamented "The light has gone out of our (*) lives." This was the surname of a leader who attempted to seize control of the Golden Temple complex in Operation Blue Star before she was assassinated by her bodyguards. For 10 points, give this last name of Prime Ministers Rajiv and Indira, as well as Mohandas, a leader of India's independence movement.

Gandhi (accept Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, or Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi)

In one play by this author, Raina Petkoff marries the "chocolate-cream soldier" Captain Bluntschli, and in another, the title character is disillusioned after Andrew Undershaft's donation to the Salvation Army is accepted. A character in a play by this author exclaims "not bloody likely!" despite being tutored by a (*) phonetics professor; that professor had bet with Colonel Pickering that he could pass a cockney flower girl off as a duchess. For 10 points, name this playwright of Major Barbara and Arms and the Man, who wrote about Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion.

George Bernard Shaw

This composer featured two oboes and strings in "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba," and depicted hammers in "The Harmonious Blacksmith." This composer included an "Alla Hornpipe" section in the D minor second suite of a work premiered on a royal (*) barge on the Thames, Water Music. The soprano solo "I know that my redeemer liveth" features in an oratorio by this composer that includes the line "and he shall reign forever and ever." For 10 points, name this composer, whose Hallelujah Chorus is included in his oratorio Messiah.

George Frederick Handel

In an opera by this composer, Serena sings the song "My Man's Gone Now" after Robbins's death; that work features a song with the line "fish are jumping / And the cotton is high," "Summertime." This composer of an opera set on Catfish Row used a trumpet to represent loneliness, and taxi (*) horns to depict a French city, in An American in Paris. Another piece by this composer opens with a notable clarinet glissando, and was premiered at a concert called "An Experiment in Modern Music." For 10 points, name this American composer of Porgy and Bess and Rhapsody in Blue.

George Gershwin

This ruler stated "I glory in the name of Britain" in one speech, and the Papists Act of 1778 led to the Gordon riots during his reign. Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated during his rule, which included the passage of the Royal Marriages Act. George Grenville and Lord (*) North were employed by this king, who allegedly mistook a tree for the King of Prussia and received the Olive Branch Petition from the Second Continental Congress. For 10 points, name this king of Britain during the American Revolution.

George III Hanover (or George William Frederick III)

One battle in this conflict saw the loser send half its force to Roughgrange, away from the fighting. Edmund Andros was deposed of his colonial governorship after this event, which was preceded by the Declaration of Indulgence and an attempted repeal of the Test Act. The Battle of the (*) Boyne completed this event, after which the English Bill of Rights was passed. The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart caused, for 10 points, what 1688 revolution where James II of England was replaced by William & Mary?

Glorious Revolution (accept Bloodless Revolution; accept Revolution of 1688 before read)

Colloidal particles of this element are attached to antibodies to stain in one form of electron microscopy, and this element that is purified in the Miller process is alloyed with silver in electrum. This element has the highest ductility and (*) malleability of the transition metals. Geiger and Marsden shot alpha particles through a foil of this element in an experiment that led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus under Ernest Rutherford. For 10 points, name this precious metal with chemical symbol Au.

Gold

The Three Hours agony takes place between noon and 3 p.m. on this holiday. Prayers are made at each of a series of fourteen images that depict the journey to Calvary on this holiday. In Orthodox churches, the soma is removed from the (*) cross, wrapped in a shroud, and taken to the altar in the church's sanctuary on this day. Catholics often eat fish instead of meat and attend the Stations of the Cross on this holiday. For 10 points, name this Christian holiday that takes place two days before Easter Sunday.

Good Friday

One character in this film says the best part of his day is the ten seconds where he thinks the protagonist has left for good. A bar scene in this film sees Chuckie try to pick up a girl in his "history" class. That scene in this film ends with the protagonist shouting "I got her number! How do you like them (*) apples?" The title character of this film works with Professor Lambeau [LAM-BO] and dates Skylar while receiving therapy. Robin Williams, Ben Affleck, and Matt Damon star in, for 10 points, what film about a genius who works as a janitor at MIT?

Good Will Hunting

A blue curtain was used to cover a copy of this painting at the UN during a 2003 speech by Colin Powell, while anti-war protests in 1974 led Tony Shafrazi [SHUH-FRAWZ-I] to deface it with the phrase "KILL LIES ALL.". A flower blooms from the shattered (*) sword of a dismembered soldier who lies under an eye-shaped light bulb in this painting. A hidden skull overlays an agonized horse to the right of a bull with a burning tail in, for 10 points, what painting of the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War, a work by Pablo Picasso?

Guernica

The protagonist of a novel by this author encounters the Puma-Woman and kills the Hyena-Swine in self defense; that character, Edward Prendick, had been shipwrecked near the Island of Dr. Moreau. The protagonist of another novel by this author is given white flowers by the Eloi Weena, whom he attempts to save from the (*) Morlocks. In one of this author's novels turned into a radio broadcast, an invasion of Martians is stopped after they are killed by disease. For 10 points, name this author of The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds.

H. G. Wells (accept Herbert George Wells)

This religion states that the soul is divided into parts called the gros bon ange and the ti bon ange. A calabash rattle called an asson may be used by priests and priestesses, known as Houngans and Mambos, to summon members of the Rada or Petro (*) nations in this religion. Baron Samedi and Papa Legba are spirits called loa who can be used to contact the supreme creator Bondye in this religion. For 10 points, name this syncretic religion of Haiti, whose practitioners do not actually use pins and namesake "dolls."

Haitian Vodou (accept Voodoo or Vodun)

This character claims he could be "bounded in a nutshell and consider himself king of infinite space" and compares death to a "consummation devoutly to be wished." This character exclaims "what's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?" after arranging a performance of The Murder of (*) Gonzago, which he refers to as the "mouse-trap." This character tells a girl to "get thee to a nunnery" and is poisoned in a duel with Laertes [LA-YER-TEES]. For 10 points, name this Danish prince who muses "to be or not to be" as he attempts revenge for his father's death by killing Claudius in a Shakespeare play.

Hamlet

This king's Earl of Surrey defeated James IV of Scotland at the Battle of Flodden Field, while he personally defeated Louis XII's forces at the Battle of the Spurs. His pamphlet Defense of the Seven Sacraments earned him the title "defender of the faith," though Thomas (*) Cranmer issued the Book of Common Prayer later in his reign. The first Act of Supremacy was passed during the reign of this king after Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this English king who had six wives.

Henry VIII Tudor of England

This man was born after Zeus disguised himself as Alcmene's husband, Amphitryon [AM-FIH-TRY-ON], and he was forced to serve Omphale [OM-FAL-AY] for three years while dressed in women's clothing. The blood of the centaur Nessus was used to poison a shirt that this man's wife, Deianira, accidentally gave to him, ultimately killing him. While serving (*) Eurystheus [YUR-IS-THEE-US]as penance for murdering his wife Megara, this man used a krotala to scare away the Stymphalian birds, routed a river away from the Augean stables, and killed the Nemean Lion. For 10 points, name this hero who completed 12 labors.

Heracles (or Hercules)

This character recalls being psychoanalyzed after breaking all the windows in his garage and writes an essay about a baseball mitt covered in green ink. While watching ducks in Central Park, this character breaks a Little Shirley Beans record he bought for his sister. Maurice beats and robs this character after this character meets the prostitute (*) Sunny in a hotel room, and he cries while watching his sister Phoebe ride the Central Park carousel. For 10 points, name this character who rails against "phonies" and is expelled from Pencey Prep in The Catcher in the Rye.

Holden Caulfield (accept either)

One ruler of this country signed the Concordat of Worms, which banned the practice of simony, with Calixtus II. Einhard was the biographer of a ruler of this country who employed Alcuin of York. One ruler of this empire fought Berengar II during his Italian campaigns and defeated the Magyars at the Battle of (*) Lechfeld. Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald led this empire, whose first ruler was crowned by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by Otto the Great and Charlemagne.

Holy Roman Empire (prompt on "Germany," I guess)

One painting from this movement depicts two miniscule individuals standing in front of a cross as Mount Chimborazo looms in the background. A series from this movement depicts the fall of a city and its aftermath in Destruction and Desolation. The painter of that series contrasted a storm and wilderness next to (*) clear skies and a settled valley in another work, and is depicted next to William Cullen Bryant in Asher Durand's Kindred Spirits. For 10 points, name this artistic movement of Thomas Cole's The Oxbow, a "school" named for a New York landform.

Hudson River School (prompt on landscapes; the first painting referenced is Frederic Church's The Heart of the Andes)

This architect used Anasazi cliff dwellings as inspiration for his design of the Mesa laboratory, while MIT students turned the windows of his Green Building into a Tetris game. One of this man's skyscrapers had design flaws that caused window panes to fall onto the street below, while another has a triangular framework and resembles (*) bamboo shoots. The Bank of China Tower and John Hancock Tower were designed by, for 10 points, what Chinese-American architect of the glass pyramid in front of the Louvre [LOOV]?

Ieoh Ming Pei (accept Ieoh Ming)

An archaeological site from this civilization includes The Temple of the Sun and the Room of Three Windows and was discovered by Hiram Bingham. A successor state to this empire was centered at Vilcabamba and led by Manco Capac and (*) Tupac Amaru. One ruler of this empire defeated his brother Huascar in a civil war and offered a roomful of gold as a ransom after he was captured by a conquistador at the Battle of Cajamarca. Atahualpa led, for 10 points, what South American empire conquered by Francisco Pizarro?

Incan Empire

Evidence of an advanced writing system for this civilization was found on a Dholavira signboard containing 26 symbols. The Priest King and Dancing Girl statues were found in one city of this civilization, another of which was the port of Lothal. That city included the "College of Priests" and the (*) "Great Bath." An Aryan invasion is a theoretical cause for the destruction of this civilization that included the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. For 10 points, name this Bronze Age civilization centered around a namesake south Asian river.

Indus Valley Civilization

Malacoda lies about a bridge which supposedly crosses the sixth bolgia in this work. The narrator of this work is told about how Giovanni Malatesta stabbed his wife Francesca and her lover Paolo, and later finds the head of Ruggieri being gnawed on by Count Ugolino. "Abandon (*) all hope, ye who enter here" is inscribed on a gate in this work, which opens with the narrator encountering a lion, a leopard, and a she-wolf in a forest during Good Friday. For 10 points, name this first part of The Divine Comedy, an epic poem in which Virgil guides Dante through the 9 circles of Hell

Inferno (prompt on The Divine Comedy)

John Mitchel was charged with sedition and exiled for criticizing the British government during this event. Charles Trevelyan failed to provide aid to victims of this event, which many fled in "coffin ships." "Soupers" during this event converted to (*) Protestantism in exchange for food. The corn laws were repealed in response to this event, during which an island lost a quarter of its people to emigration or starvation. For 10 points, name this 1845 to 1852 event in which a blight caused mass starvation in Ireland.

Irish Potato Famine (or Great Famine; or Great Hunger)

In one novel by this author, the People of the Mist kidnap the flute-playing Alex and his partner, Nadia. The doctor Tao begins a relationship with Eliza Sommers, who goes to see if the dead bandit Joaquin Murieta was her former lost lover in this author's novel Daughter of Fortune. (*) Pedro Tercero has three fingers cut off by the owner of the plantation Las Tres Marias, Esteban, who the clairvoyant Clara vows to never speak to again after he knocks out two of her teeth in another of her novels. For 10 points, name this Chilean author of The House of the Spirits.

Isabel Allende

Three bodyguards of a 2014 presidential candidate in this country were killed by a suicide bomber in an assassination attempt. A tunnel complex in this country's Khorasan region was the target for the first use of the MOAB bomb, the largest non-nuclear bomb. Operation Resolute Support is ongoing in this country where (*) Ashraf Ghani defeated Abdullah Abdullah to succeed Hamid Karzai as president. President Trump promised to send 3,000 more troops to, for 10 points, what country once led by the Taliban from Kabul?

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Tony Mendez and ambassador Ken Taylor helped rescue six people in this country in the "Canadian caper." One leader of this modern-day country celebrated its 2,500th anniversary with a "tent city," led the White Revolution, and founded the SAVAK secret police. After he attempted to nationalize its (*) oil industry, this country's Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was overthrown by Operation Ajax. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown for Ayatollah Khomeini [Ay-a-toll-ah KHO-MAIN-EE] in, for 10 points, what country where the U.S. embassy was seized in a 1979 "hostage crisis?"

Islamic Republic of Iran (prompt on "Persia")

This man said "Aggression unopposed becomes a contagious disease" in a speech addressing concerns of Soviet interference in the Middle East. Jerry Brown led an "anyone but" this man campaign in a presidential primary. This president addressed a "crisis of confidence" in the (*) "malaise" speech and mediated an agreement between Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this Democratic president who lost to Ronald Reagan in 1980.

James Earl Carter Jr. (or Jimmy Carter)

One character in this novel sprains his ankle after his horse slips on ice and decides not to marry Blanche Ingram. The protagonist of this novel is saved by Diana and Mary Rivers, who are revealed to be her cousins, but refuses the missionary St. John Rivers's marriage proposal. Mr. (*) Brocklehurst's stinginess is exposed and Helen dies during a typhoid epidemic at the Lowood school in this novel, during which a house fire kills the insane Bertha Mason. For 10 points, the title governess marries Mr. Rochester in what Charlotte Bronte novel?

Jane Eyre

This character created a schedule that he keeps in the book Hopalong Cassidy, and worked as a janitor at St. Olaf's College before meeting his mentor, Dan Cody. While inside this character's library, this character is described as a "regular Belasco" by a man who questions whether this character's books are real or fake, (*) Owl Eyes. This character earned his fortune by bootlegging with a man who rigged the 1919 World Series, Meyers Wolfsheim, but after claiming responsibility for a car accident is shot by George Wilson. For 10 points, name this character who hosts lavish parties in an effort to win over Daisy Buchanan.

Jay Gatsby (or James Gatz)

In a novel by this author, Decoud commits suicide after being trapped on a deserted island with silver from Charles Gould's mine. Leggatt is blamed for the murder of a crewmember in another of this author's stories. This author of Nostromo and "The Secret Sharer" tells sailors aboard the (*) Nellie about a man living in a station surrounded with the severed heads of natives on sticks; that character, Kurtz, whispers "The horror! The horror!" as he dies. For 10 points, name this Polish-born author who wrote about Marlow's expedition up the Congo in Heart of Darkness.

Joseph Conrad

The protagonist of one work by this author is introduced to Shakespeare, joins the Tower Society and marries Natalia; that character is Wilhelm Meister. Another of his protagonists reads Ossian before borrowing two pistols from Albert; in that novel, Charlotte's lover commits (*) suicide. This author also wrote a play in which Gretchen is "redeemed" despite drowning her child. That play's title character is followed home by a poodle who transforms into Mephistopheles. For 10 points, name this German author of The Sorrows of Young Werther and Faust.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

This scientist names a series of problems where a central force causes the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector to be conserved. This scientist theorized that nested platonic solids could describe the orbit of the first six planets of the solar system. The square of the orbital (*) period is related to the cube of the semi-major axis in one of his namesake laws. This man describes the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and defends the model of heliocentrism in his Astronomia Nova. For 10 points, name this German astronomer who formulated three laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler

This scientist proposed that a tint in his vitreous humor caused his colorblindness, though he correctly identified it as hereditary. He stated that mass ratios will be whole numbers in his Law of Multiple Proportions. This namesake of the unified (*) atomic mass unit stated that the total pressure in a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases and developed the idea that atoms could not be subdivided or destroyed. For 10 points, name this English pioneer of atomic theory.

John Dalton

One of this author's novels depicts a group of friends letting a house burn after the paisano Danny falls into a gulch and dies. Another of his characters, Aron Trask, dies after Cathy is revealed to be a prostitute. In addition to Tortilla Flat, this author wrote a novel in which Coyotito is shot as Juana and Kino travel to sell (*) "The Pearl." Rose of Sharon breastfeeds a starving man after the Joad family travels to California in another work by this author, who also wrote about Lennie's dream of owning a rabbit farm. For 10 points, name this author of The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men.

John Steinbeck

This leader has a halo, crown, and purple robe in a namesake "mosaic" in Ravenna's Church of San Vitale. One of this leader's generals defeated the Vandals at Ad Decimum and Tricamarum and fought Khosrau I of the Sassanid Empire. The blues and the greens fought over a chariot (*) race during this emperor's reign, which saw the creation of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Belisarius captured Rome and put down the Nika riots for this husband of Theodora, who ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia. For 10 points, name this "great" Byzantine emperor.

Justinian I (or Justinian the Great; prompt on "Justinian")

This philosopher wrote "history repeats itself first as tragedy, then as farce" in an essay that expresses his view of historical materialism. He coined the term "commodity fetishism" in a work that argued that the "exchange value" of an object is determined by the labor needed to produce it. This author wrote "from each (*) according to his ability, to each according to his needs" and "the history of all hitherto society is the history of class struggle" while advocating for the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie. For 10 points, name this author of Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.

Karl Marx

Mary and Joseph take Jesus to this place after Joseph receives a warning from an angel during a dream. One person from this place is named Vizier after interpreting a dream of seven fat cows eating seven thin cows and seven thin ears of grain eating seven fat ears. That son of Jacob is sold into (*) slavery in this country by his brothers. Joseph goes to this country, which is struck by darkness for three days and has all of its firstborn sons killed in ten plagues found in the Book of Exodus. For 10 points, name this country that Moses leads enslaved Jews from.

Kingdom of Egypt (accept Ancient Egypt)

This country's Christmas lottery is annually the largest in the world, and had a prize pool of 2.4 billion euros in 2016. A scallop shell is the symbol for a pilgrimage route to a city in the Galicia region of this country, the Way of Saint James. In this country, participants celebrate a festival in Bunol, (*) La Tomatina, by throwing tomatoes at each other. The rice dish paella is from the Valencia region of this country, while its city of Pamplona is home to the Running of the Bulls. For 10 points, name this country with capital Madrid.

Kingdom of Spain (accept Espana)

Cross-dressing men in this country are often referred to by the term kathoey [KAT-HOE-EY], or "ladyboy." This country's Isan region includes the Khorat Plateau, which is bounded by Phetchabun [PECH-AH-BOON] Range. Patong Beach is on this country's largest island, which lies in the Andaman Sea west of the Isthmus of Kra. (*) Phuket [POO-KET] is a resort area in this country separated from Laos by the Mekong River. Chiang Mai and Ayutthaya [AY-YOOT-HAY-AH] are cities in, for 10 points, what country ruled by Rama X [RAMA THE TENTH] from Bangkok?

Kingdom of Thailand

A Mongol invasion of this region was repelled at the Battle of Cheoin [Cho-in]. The jungin were subservient to the aristocratic yangban class in this region, the site of the three kingdoms of Goguryeo [GO-GUR-I-IO], Baekje [PECK-JAY], and Silla. Admiral Yi Sun-Shin developed the (*) turtle ship after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's first invasion of this region. The Hall of Worthies, which developed the Hangul alphabet, was established by this region's ruler Sejong the Great. For 10 points, name this region once ruled by the Joseon dynasty from Seoul.

Korea (prompt on "Joseon" Dynasty; do not accept or prompt on "North Korea" or "South Korea")

Many steps in this pathway are regulated by calcium ions, whose concentration can increase tenfold in certain areas where it takes place. The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase in this pathway. The outputs of beta oxidation can be used to replenish an intermediate that binds to (*) pyruvate in this pathway. This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and takes Acetyl CoA to form NADH for the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this process following glycolysis, the second step of cellular respiration.

Krebs cycle (accept tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle)

Two characters in this film go on a date to see Rebel Without a Cause before visiting Griffith Observatory. One of those characters joins a band with Keith and misses the other's one-woman play for a photo shoot. One character in this film moves to Boulder City and auditions for a role with the song (*) "Fools Who Dream." An aspiring actress and a jazz pianist are played by Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling in, for 10 points, what film accidentally announced as the winner for best picture at the 2017 Academy Awards?

La La Land

In one scene, this character laments that "all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand." This character advises another to"look the innocent flower/but be the serpent under't," and calls upon "spirits/That tend on mortal thoughts" to (*) "unsex me here" after receiving a letter from a character she describes as "too full o' the milk of human kindness." A doctor observes this character unconsciously rubbing her hands while exclaiming "out, out damned spot." For 10 points, name this character who helps her husband murder King Duncan of Scotland in a Shakespearean tragedy.

Lady Macbeth

A symphony by this composer quotes the 12 Contredanses for Orchestra as well as the Finale of his only ballet, The Creatures of Prometheus. In addition to the "Hammerklavier" piano sonata, this composer wrote a piano sonata that opens with pianissimo triplets played in the right hand subtitled "quasi una fantasia." This composer set the text of (*) Schiller's "Ode to Joy" to music in his ninth symphony, and opened another symphony with a G-G-G-E-flat motif representing "fate knocking at the door." For 10 points, name this composer of the Moonlight Sonata and a notable 5th symphony.

Ludwig van Beethoven

This author's novel about Laura Hawkins coined the term "the Gilded Age." This author wrote about a lawyer who uses fingerprints to prove that Tom Driscoll had been switched at birth with Valet de Chambers. This author of Pudd'nhead Wilson created a character who tricks his friends into (*) whitewashing a fence, and gets lost in McDougal's Cave with Becky Thatcher. Another of his protagonists floats down the Mississippi with the escaped slave Jim. For 10 points, name this author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and a sequel about Huckleberry Finn.

Mark Twain (or Samuel Clemens)

One ruler of this empire allegedly killed 99 of his brothers after gaining the throne. Megasthenes served as a Seleucid ambassador to this empire, which faced a revolt after Susima mal-administered Taxila [TAX-IH-LA]. One ruler of this empire erected a pillar topped by four lions at (*) Sarnath and placed a 24-spoke chakra on many of his rock edicts. That ruler of this empire converted to Buddhism after winning the violent Kalinga War. Ashoka and Chandragupta ruled, for 10 points, what ancient Indian empire?

Mauryan Empire

Leo Szilard [SIL-ARD] argued that this figure must expend energy in any measuring process, though Rolf Landauer argued that this figure could use thermodynamically reversible processes instead. This title construct of a thought experiment measures the velocities of particles and selectively allows them to move between two (*) chambers, raising the temperature of one and lowering the temperature of the other to decrease total entropy. For 10 points, name this theoretical creature who violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics, created by a Scottish physicist.

Maxwell's Demon

In one novel set in this town, Hank Clinton courts a woman who later finds a pamphlet titled "The Black Plague" in her father's house. A school-boy refuses a nickel from Ms. Caroline to buy lunch in this town, where a man nicknamed "One-Shot" kills a rabid dog. A man who leaves gum and figurines in a (*) tree knot prevents an attack on a girl in a ham costume in this town, where Atticus Finch defends Tom Robinson against Mayella Ewell's accusations of rape. For 10 points, name this fictional Alabama town, the setting of the novels Go Set a Watchman and To Kill a Mockingbird.

Maycomb, Alabama

One character in this film makes a call as "Susan from Planned Parenthood" after seeing Jason at the mall with Taylor Wedell. A teacher in this film asks the protagonist "did you want to buy some drugs?" after she turns in a calculus quiz. Another character in this film does not get any candy-cane grams, though Glen (*) Coco gets four, and is told that "fetch" is not going to happen. Kevin Gnapoor does the mathlete rap, "Jingle Bell Rock" is danced by the Plastics, and Regina George is hit by a bus in, for 10 points, what comedy starring Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron?

Mean Girls

Members of this faith undergo "sealing" to establish marriages, and their dietary restrictions follow those outlined in the Word of Wisdom. In this faith, members of the Melchizedek [MEL-KIZ-I-DECK] priesthood may attain membership in the First Presidency or the Quorum of the (*) Twelve Apostles. Seer stones called Urim and Thummim [TOO-MIM] were used by this religion's founder to translate golden plates given to him by the Angel Moroni. Joseph Smith founded and Brigham Young led, for 10 points, what branch of Christianity, whose followers live primarily in Utah?

Mormonism (or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

The MKAD and the Garden Ring are both ring roads circling this city. A Hilton Hotel and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building are skyscrapers among this city's "seven sisters." A church in this city is shaped like a flame, contains nine side churches around a main Church of Intercession, and is known for its brightly colored onion domes. (*) Gorky Park and the GUM department store are in this city home to St. Basil's Cathedral. Red Square and the Kremlin are in, for 10 points, what capital of Russia?

Moscow (or Moskva)

This mountain's Lemosho Route crosses its Shira Plateau and Barranco Wall, while its most popular route is the Machame [MACH-HAM]. Two peaks in this mountain are separated by the "Saddle Plateau" and one has a sub-peak called Neumann Tower. (*) Shira and Mawenzi are two of the three volcanic cones on this mountain, and the third, Kibo, was first summited by Hans Meyer at Uhuru Peak. This mountain is south of Mount Kenya in Tanzania. For 10 points, name this tallest mountain in Africa.

Mount Kilimanjaro

This man made a speech stating "I have given my life to this struggle of the African people," and mentioning "an ideal I hope to live for." That speech was due to this man's involvement in Umkhonto We Sizwe, the "Spear of the Nation." This founder of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission stated "I am (*) prepared to die" at the Rivonia Trial and spent 18 years on Robben Island before he was released from prison by F.W. De Klerk. For 10 points, name this civil rights leader and first black President of South Africa.

Nelson Mandela

The dog Pompey allegedly stopped the attempted assassination of a leader of this country, whose Sea Beggars seized the port of Brielle. The iconoclast Beeldenstorm [BE-ELD-EN-STORM] took place in this country where the Bourse (*) stock exchange was established for the United East India Company. A tulip bubble occurred in this country led by the stadtholder [STAT-HOLDER] William of Orange in the Eighty Years' War. Dikes allowed polders to be reclaimed from the sea in this Low Country. For 10 points, name this country with capital Amsterdam.

Netherlands (prompt on "Holland")

The labor of children under the age of 16 was banned as part of this program. The "Four Horsemen" opposed this program and invalidated part of it in A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp v. U.S., the "sick chicken" case, leading to an attempt to "pack" the (*) Supreme Court. The FDIC insured bank accounts and the CCC planted three billion trees as part of this program. For 10 points, the Social Security Act, Works Progress Agency, and National Recovery Administration were part of what set of Great Depression-era legislation?

New Deal (accept Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 before "Four Horsemen")

The head coach of this team once wrote "I resign as hc of the NYJ" on a napkin. This team has not lost a game with Dion Lewis on its active roster, while its other halfbacks include Rex Burkhead and James White. This team's Rodney Harrison was unable to dislodge a catch secured against David Tyree's (*) helmet in Super Bowl XLII [42]. Malcolm Butler intercepted Russell Wilson at the goal line to clinch this team's Super Bowl XLIX [49] victory over the Seattle Seahawks. For 10 points, name this team that has won 5 Super Bowls with Bill Belichick and Tom Brady.

New England Patriots (accept either)

This character is employed as a mourner by Mr. Sowerberry, who saves him from being apprenticed to the brutal Mr. Gamford. His half-brother is revealed to be Mr. Monks, who had thrown a locket and ring belonging to this character's mother into a river. Rose (*) Maylie and Mr. Brownlow take this character in and are warned by Nancy, who is beaten to death by Sikes after Fagin discovers she has been attempting to protect this character. For 10 points, name this orphan coerced into stealing handkerchiefs by The Artful Dodger, a creation of Charles Dickens.

Oliver Twist (accept either)

Sophie Germain verified one of this man's theorems for odd primes less than 100. That theorem by this man, whose namesake numbers start with 3, 5, 17, and 257, was implied by the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture and proven by Andrew Wiles in 1994. One theorem by this man states "A raised to the power P, where P is prime, is congruent to (*) A modulo P." an + bn ≠ cn [A to the n plus b to the n does not equal c to the n] for any integer n greater than 2 in his "last theorem." For 10 points, name this French mathematician with a namesake "little" theorem.

Pierre de Fermat

This character says that "life is scientific" to reassure a group of children that "there isn't no fear" after they claim to see "snakes" and "ghosts." After claiming that he is unable to swim, this character is told "sucks to your ass-mar." This character, who complains that everything is "jus' blurs" after his (*) "specs" are taken to start a fire, is described as a "true, wise friend" after a boulder released by Roger crushes both him and a conch shell. For 10 points, name this pudgy character from William Golding's Lord of the Flies.

Piggy

214 radicals were included in a dictionary compiled by this dynasty's Kangxi emperor, while its Guangxu emperor attempted the Hundred Days' Reform. Hong Xiuquan [SIOU-CHUAN], who claimed to be the brother of Jesus, led the (*) Taiping Rebellion against this dynasty, while another revolt against it was put down by the Eight Nation Alliance. Sun Yat-Sen came to power after the Xinhai Revolution led to the resignation of this dynasty's emperor Puyi. The Boxer Rebellion was faced by, for 10 points, what last Chinese dynasty?

Qing Dynasty (pronounced "Ching;" do not accept or prompt on Qin dynasty)

In one myth, this god was born to virgin goddess Chimalman [CHE-MAL-MAHN] after Onteol appeared to her in a dream. After being tricked into sleeping with his virgin sister by a rival god, this god immolated himself and became the morning star. This god's brother Xolotl [ZO-LOT-EL] helped him bring fire to mankind, and this god created the fifth age of (*) humanity by sprinkling bones from Mictlan with his own blood. Because this god was predicted to return aboard a raft of snakes and with white skin, he was mistaken for Hernan Cortes. For 10 points, name this Aztec "feathered serpent."

Quetzalcoatl (pronounced "KETZ-AL-CWA-TEL")

The ruins of the saltwater Sutro Baths are in the Lands End park in this city. Irving Morrow designed a bridge that connects this city to Marin County. During the 1967 "Summer of Love," one hundred thousand hippies converged on this city's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. (*) Nob Hill and Telegraph Hill are other neighborhoods in this city that was significantly damaged by a 1906 earthquake and fire. The "most crooked street in the world," Lombard street, is in, for 10 points, what city home to Fisherman's Wharf and the Golden Gate Bridge?

San Francisco

. This artist depicts Jesus and his disciples sailing through a storm on the titular body of water in his only seascape, while another of his works depicts a woman in a red dress spilling a drink as the titular king turns towards an illuminated text. A man in black with a red sash gestures towards the viewer, a (*) drummer stands to the far right, and a blue and yellow flag stands on the left in this man's portrait of Frans Banning Cocq's [COKE's] militia company. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist of Storm on the Sea of Galilee, Belshazzar's Feast, and The Night Watch.

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (accept either)

One empire in this modern-day country reached its peak under Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada. The Majapahit [MA-JA-PA-HIT] empire dissolved a hundred years before the establishment of Batavia in this modern-day country. One ruler of this country, that supported the communist PKI party, leading to an attempted coup in the 30 September Movement, promoted (*) "Guided Democracy," and led a 1940s revolution that ended Dutch rule, while his successor occupied East Timor. For 10 points, name this southeast Asian country where Suharto and Sukarno governed from Jakarta.

Republic Of Indonesia (or Republik Indonesia)

This country's city of Antsiranana is near Cap d'Ambre, its northernmost point. The Meller's duck lives on Lake Alaotra in this country, the largest producer of vanilla in the world. The Merina people occupy the Central Highlands of this country west of Reunion where the native language is (*) Malagasy. Comoros is northwest of this country separated from the mainland by the Mozambique Channel. Lemurs are endemic to, for 10 points, what African island country with capital Antananarivo [An-tan-nan-a-rivo]?

Republic of Madagascar

Paul Rusesabagina [RUE-SE-SA-BA-GINA] hid over a thousand people in this country's Hotel des Milles Collines [Mille Colline] during one event. This country's RTLM radio station used the phrase "cut the tall trees" and referred to one group as "cockroaches" in an event led by the Interahamwe [IN-TER-A-HAWM-WE] militia. Romeo Dallaire led UNAMIR in this country where Juvenal (*) Habyarimana [HAB-YAR-I-MANA] was assassinated during a civil war won by the RPF. Paul Kagame [KA-GA-ME] is the current President of, for 10 points, what country where Tutsis were massacred by Hutus in a 1993 "genocide?"

Republic of Rwanda

Sam and Willie reminisce about a kite they built for Hallie in a play set in this country. In addition to Athol Fugard's Master Harold...and the boys, a novel set in this country ends with Maureen Smales running for a helicopter. The protagonist of another novel set in this country searches for Gertrude with (*) Msimangu's help; in that novel, Mr. Carmichael agree to defend Arthur Jarvis's killer Absalom. July's People and Cry, the Beloved Country are set in, for 10 points, what home country of Alan Paton, who addressed the subject of apartheid?

Republic of South Africa (accept Master Harold...and the boys before "country")

Many refugees from this country reside in a neighboring country's city of Cox's Bazar, after this country banned most residents of its Rakhine state from receiving citizenship. This country's National League for Democracy defeated Thein Sein's USDP in a 2015 election, though its leader is constitutionally barred from the presidency and was placed under (*) house arrest in 1990. The Rohingya are from this country, which moved its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw in 2006. For 10 points, name this country led by Aung San Suu Kyi.

Republic of the Union of Myanmar (or Burma)

This river's name is followed by "do norte" and "do sul" in the names of two Brazilian states, and a change in its path was the basis of the Chazimal border dispute. This river rises in the San Juan Mountains before passing Laredo and (*) Matamoros and receiving water from the Conchos and Pecos Rivers. This river forms the boundary between Ciudad Juarez and El Paso, making it a popular location for border crossings. For 10 points, name this river that separates Texas from Mexico.

Rio Grande (prompt on Rio Bravo)

Byron White's dissent in this case argued that the decision formed "a constitutional barrier to state efforts to protect human life." In a follow-up to this case, Sandra Day O'Connor argued for the legality of legislation that did not cause an "undue burden." The Hyde Amendment and the Webster decisions were responses to this case. Harry Blackmun's opinion in this case stated (*) Norma McCorvey's right to privacy allowed a certain action. Doe v. Bolton was decided alongside, for 10 points, what Supreme Court decision establishing a Constitutional right to abortions?

Roe v. Wade (prompt on Doe v. Bolton)

Edward Gibbon controversially argued that these people hastened the fall of the Roman Empire. Eusebius tracked the executions of these people, who Nero accused of burning down Rome. Julian the (*) Apostate notably opposed this group, the last purge of whom occurred under Diocletian. The Battle of Milvian Bridge led to this people's toleration in the Edict of Milan. For 10 points, what religious group's persecution ended after Constantine saw a cross in the sky?

Roman Christians (accept Catholics I guess)

In the lead-up to this holiday, the Ashkenazi recite the akedah, chatanu, and techinah prayers as their Selichot. Names are written into the book of life on this holiday, during which many people throw bread crumbs in water as part of the tashlich ritual. The 10-day Yamim Noraim (*) begins with this holiday on the first of Tishrei. Honey-dipped apples are normally eaten on this holiday. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday on which the shofar is blown to commemorate the new year.

Rosh Hashanah (prompt on "Jewish New Year") <Nalawade>

This composer evoked the image of a demonic entity ringing bells in a choral symphony based on an Edgar Allen Poe poem. The pianist plays a series of chords in C-minor before accompanying the main theme with arpeggios to open this composer's Piano Concerto #2. This composer's Morceaux [MORE-SOH] de Fantaisie includes a piece which ends with a (*) series of dramatic chords, his Prelude in C-sharp Minor. He also wrote a set of 24 variations on the 24th caprice of an Italian violin virtuoso. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini.

Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff

In a novel based on this game, a group of Norse seafarers are shipwrecked on an uninhabited island after a storm. The Seafarers expansion to this game allows players to explore offshore islands and produce gold. When this game is played on The Big Bang Theory, Sheldon gets angry when no one will trade him (*) wood. Playing a knight card in this game is equivalent to rolling a 7 and allows the player to move the robber and prevent a hex from producing resources. For 10 points, name this board game in which players build roads, settlements, and cities on the title island.

Settlers of Catan

This character is unable to save Paul Kratides [KRA-TI-DEES] from a charcoal-filled room and uses a wax bust of himself to trap the airgun-shooting Sebastian Moran. Basil Rathbone notably portrayed this character, who remarks that "heroes don't exist" before confronting a villain at a deserted pool in a television adaptation. This character, who uses his name to unlock (*) "the woman's" phone in that series, fakes his death at the Reichenbach Falls after wrestling his nemesis James Moriarty. For 10 points, name this detective assisted by John Watson and created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Sherlock Holmes

It's not the Isle of Man, but the flag of this region is divided diagonally between yellow and red with a triskelion, a triple spiral, of legs, in the center. Noto, Ragusa, and Catania are cities on this island whose south is covered by the Hyblaean Mountains. The Aeolian islands are off the cost of this larger island, where the cannoli originated. It is separated from (*) Calabria by the Strait of Messina. Palermo is the capital of, and Mt. Etna is on, for 10 points, what island at the southern tip of Italy?

Sicily (or Sicilia)

This author borrowed Romain Rolland's idea of an "oceanic feeling" in infancy, while he argued that children cannot defer gratification in "Beyond the Pleasure Principle." This psychologist argued that children had an unconscious desire for their opposite-gender (*) parent in his "Oedipus Complex." This author divided the psyche into the id, ego, and superego. For 10 points, name this Austrian founder of psychoanalysis and author of The Interpretation of Dreams and Civilization and its Discontents.

Sigmund Freud

He's not Jesus, but Matthew states that this man briefly walked on water before he is frightened by a strong wind and his faith wavers. This first disciple to enter Jesus' tomb pulls a coin out of a fish's mouth in Masaccio's The Tribute Money. He is called to be a "fisher of men" alongside his brother (*) Andrew but also catches 153 fish after Jesus appears on the Sea of Galilee. This disciple, supposedly crucified upside down by Nero, was referred to by Jesus with "upon this rock, I will build my church," but later denied knowing him three times. For 10 points, name this first pope.

Simon Peter (accept Saint Peter)

In one experiment, this psychologist made his students look up at a building and record how many times passersby would follow suit. He studied people's reactions to an envelope addressed to "Friends of the Nazi Party" in the Lost (*) Letter Experiment. He coined the term "six degrees of separation" in his Small World Experiment. Participants were told that they would help in a study on memory by administering electric shocks to an individual in another experiment. For 10 points, name this psychologist who conducted a namesake "obedience" experiment.

Stanley Milgram

One composer with this surname quoted the folk song Titel Lied [TITEL LEED] in the trio of his Radetzky March. Another composer with this last name wrote an opera in which Rosalinde sings "Klange der Helmut," Die Fledermaus. The notes C, G, and C open a work by a composer with this surname used in (*) 2001: A Space Odyssey. Another composer with this last name named a piece in 3/4 [3-4] time after a river that runs through Vienna, The Blue Danube. For 10 points, name this last name of Richard [REE-KARD] and a father and son named Johann.

Strauss (accept Johann Strauss Sr., Johann Strauss Jr., or Richard Strauss)

The narrator of a poem by this author describes the "acanthine hair" of a figure who is "pithy and historical as the Roman forum." This author created a character who interns at Ladies' Day magazine with Doreen, and wrote that "dying / is an art like everything else" in a poem that warns (*) "I eat men like air." This author of "The Colossus" and "Lady Lazarus" declares "every woman adores a fascist" in a poem describing a figure as a "man in black with a Meinkampf look." For 10 points, name this Confessional author of The Bell Jar, whose collection Ariel includes "Daddy."

Sylvia Plath

The OMB estimates the opportunity cost of these constructs to be 25 cents per dollar. Vertical and horizontal fairness are considered when establishing these policies. The Pigouvian [PIG-O-VIAN] type of these constructs shifts the private marginal cost curve to the level of the social marginal cost curve to correct negative externalities, while the ad valorem type of these is based on transaction (*) values. The Laffer curve argues that increasing these may decrease government revenue. For 10 points, name these payments to the government with payroll, property, and income forms.

Taxes

One version of this painting depicts a nude woman next to a bowl of fruit. "My unhappiness gives me a right to your help" is written on a note in this painting, which depicts a bandaged man's arm slumping to the ground next to a box bearing his name. A knife lies on the floor next to a (*) quill held in that figure's right hand as he lies in a tub, clutching a letter from Charlotte Corday in this painting. For 10 points, name this Jacques-Louis David painting of an assassinated French revolutionary leader.

The Death of Marat (or La Mort de Marat)

This novel's protagonist wonders whether any of the hanged bodies displayed on the Wall could be her husband Luke. The Latin phrase "don't let the bastards grind you down" comforts the protagonist of this novel, who is taken away by Nick, a secret member of the (*) May-Day resistance movement. That protagonist of this novel reads magazines and plays Scrabble with Serena Joy's husband, the Commander. For 10 points, Offred lives in the dystopian Republic of Gilead in what Margaret Atwood novel?

The Handmaid's Tale

This character becomes disillusioned after meeting a businessman who counts the stars only to own them. This character, who has three volcanoes at his home, correctly identifies a drawing as a snake swallowing an elephant. After this character becomes downcast after discovering a series of (*) rosebushes, a fox who wants to be tamed explains why a talking rose this character fell in love with is special. This character allows himself to be bitten by a snake in order to return home to Asteroid 325. For 10 points, name this character created by Antoine de Saint-Exupery.

The Little Prince

Colin Matthews composed an eighth movement to this work subtitled "The Renewer", which was dedicated to its original composer's daughter Imogen. A melody from this suite's fourth movement was adapted into the music for Cecil Spring Rice's poem (*) "I Vow to Thee, My Country." The sound of a women's choir offstage fades out as a door is slowly closed on them in this work's final section, "Neptune, the Mystic." For 10 points, name this orchestral suite with movements such as "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity" and "Mars, the Bringer of War" by Gustav Holst.

The Planets

This book warns against being overly generous because it may result in resource exhaustion and higher taxes. This book also warns against using mercenaries and encourages using the power of the church for military conquest. This follow up to Discourses on Livy says it is good to be both (*) "a lion and a fox." This book praises Cesare Borgia and states that "if you cannot be both," it is "better to be feared than loved." For 10 points, name this treatise of political philosophy by Niccolo Machiavelli.

The Prince

The speaker of this collection describes the "Master-knot of Human Fate" as still unravelled, and compares humanity to a "moving row / Of Magic Shadow-Shapes which come and go." A clay pot wonders "Who is the Potter...and who the Pot?" in this poetry collection, which also describes "Tears" as being unable to "wash out a Word" after (*) "the Moving Finger writes; and, having writ / Moves on." One poem in this collection includes the narrator wishing for "a Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread - and Thou." For 10 points, name this series of quatrains by Omar Khayyam.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

One character in this novel is summoned by the jailer Master Brackett and is repeatedly referred to as "the leech," while Mistress Hibbins invites this novel's protagonist into the woods to meet the "Black Man." Another character in this novel claims she was plucked from a rose bush rather than created by God, agitating Governor Bellingham. A (*) reverend in this novel dies after delivering the Election Sermon and revealing a brand on his chest while standing atop a scaffold. Pearl is conceived after Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne's affair in, for 10 points, what Nathaniel Hawthorne novel?

The Scarlet Letter

One army in this conflict surrendered after its tercios were surrounded and besieged by French artillery at Rocroi. The reign of Frederick V, the "winter king," ended after the Battle of White Mountain in the Bohemian phase of this conflict, which later saw Christian (*) IV surrender in the Treaty of Lubeck. One commander in this war defeated Count Tilly at Breitenfeld but died at the Battle of Lutzen. Gustavus Adolphus led Sweden in, for 10 points, what 1618 to 1648 war between Catholics and Protestants?

Thirty Years' War

In one novel by this author, Angelo writes with ink made of ground up bones after Niccolo's death in the play The Courier's Tragedy. Benny Profane and Stencil investigate the title entity of this author's novel V. The protagonist of a novel by this author visits John Nefastis and investigates an organization whose symbol is a (*) muted posthorn, the Trystero. The line "a screaming comes across the sky" opens this author's novel about Tyrone Slothrop, who can predict V-2 rocket strikes. For 10 points, name this author of The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow.

Thomas Pynchon

The narrator of one of this author's poems describes himself as an "attendant lord" rather than Prince Hamlet. This author described "eyes I dare not meet in dreams" that appear in a poem which concludes "the world ends/Not with a bang, but with a whimper." Madame Sosostris (*) reads tarot cards in "The Burial of the Dead," a section of a poem by this author; that poem opens with the line "April is the cruellest month." For 10 points, name this British poet of "The Hollow Men," "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," and "The Waste Land."

Thomas Stearns (T.S.) Eliot

This god won five days from Khonsu in a gamble, allowing him to change the calendar and give Nut time to give birth. This god, who provided Isis with the magic words to piece Osiris' body back together, was assisted by Seshat in creating a writing system. This god resolved a dispute between (*) Horus and Set and protected Ra from the serpent Apep. This god recorded the results of the weighing of the hearts of the dead against the soul of Ma'at, and is often associated with a baboon. For 10 points, name this ibis-headed Egyptian god of knowledge, magic, and measurement.

Thoth

The Empty Fort Strategy was employed by Zhuge Liang [ZHOO-GE LE-AHNG] to ward off Sima Yi's army during this period. Sima Yan's capture of Jianye [JIAN-YE], now Nanjing, ended this period of history. The Oath of the Peach (*) Garden is sworn between Zhang Fei, Guanyu, and Liu Bei, who ally with Sun Quan [CHUAN] to win the Battle of the Red Cliffs against Cao Cao [TSAO TSAO] in a novel set in this period. The Yellow Turban rebellion marked the beginning of, for 10 points, what post-Han dynasty period described in a namesake "Romance?"

Three Kingdoms of China (accept Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

In one play by this author, the theater critics Moon and Birdboot exchange places with characters acting in a murder mystery set at Muldoon Manor. In another play by this author, the Player leads a group of actors who adhere to the philosophy of "love, blood, and rhetoric." A man becomes the (*) "Hermit of Sidley Park" after the death of the genius Thomasina Coverley in a play by this author, who created a character who loses all of his money after a coin lands on heads 92 times in a row. For 10 points, name this playwright of Arcadia and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.

Tom Stoppard

Nel Wright witnesses the drowning of a boy named Chicken Little in this author's novel Sula. This author wrote about an 11-year-old girl who goes insane after being raped by her father Cholly. In addition to Pecola Breedlove, this author wrote about the navel-less Pilate, whose granddaughter Hagar attempts to kill (*) Milkman Dead. Paul D and Denver discover that 124 Bluestone Road is haunted by the ghost of a 2-year old killed by Sethe in another novel by this author. For 10 points, name this author of The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, and Beloved.

Toni Morrison

Twenty-one soldiers crossed the Canadian border and robbed three banks in St. Albans, Vermont during this war. This conflict's western theater ended after the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Great Britain paid damages to the victor of this war in the (*) Alabama claims. One side of this war reduced the other's cotton exports by following Winfield Scott's Anaconda plan, which was completed after a naval battle that allegedly saw the line "damn the torpedoes." David Farragut won the battle of Mobile Bay in, for 10 points, what war against the Confederacy?

U.S. Civil War (or American Civil War)

Employees of this company were accused of placing and then canceling orders with its competitors to impact their service. A contractor for this company shot and killed six people in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Sadiq Khan recently announced this company would not be allowed to operate in (*) London. This company hired Eric Holder to investigate sexual harassment allegations that led to the resignation of CEO Travis Kalanick. For 10 points, name this ride-sharing company and competitor of Lyft.

Uber

One god of this domain challenged Quetzalcoatl to blow a conch shell without any holes, and another trapped Theseus on the Chair of Forgetfulness. Hermod rode Sleipnir to this location in order to bargain with a ruler of this place, who would only free Baldr if everything wept for him. The Phlegethon and (*) Lethe flow through the Greek version of this location, where Eurydice was left after Orpheus looked back at her. Persephone was trapped after eating six pomegranate seeds in, for 10 points each, what locations such as Hell and Hades?

Underworld (accept equivalents such as "land of the dead"; accept "Hel" or "Hades" before mention; accept Mictlan before "Theseus")

This organization runs the Term Auction Facility and the Term Securities Lending Facility. This institution was established after the Panic of 1907 caused J.P. Morgan to bail out several banks, and its Board of Governors serve on its namesake "Open Market Committee." This organization purchased (*) bank assets to increase the money supply after the 2008 financial crisis in quantitative easing period, which was led by Ben Bernanke. U.S. monetary policy is developed by, for 10 points, what central banking system currently led by Janet Yellen?

United States Federal Reserve System (accept The Fed)

This element's hexafluoride is used to separate its most common isotopes. Three atoms of this element are combined with eight atoms of oxygen in one of its common forms. Martin Klaproth first isolated this heaviest naturally-occurring element from (*) pitchblende. "Depleted" types of this actinide found in bullets use its isotope 238, while its "235" isotope can sustain a fission chain reaction. For 10 points name this element with atomic symbol U, often used in nuclear reactors.

Uranium (accept U before mentioned)

One artist depicted this figure lying on a bed and staring into a mirror held in front of a red curtain. A girl looks into a chest in the background as a dog curls up on a bed with this figure in another painting. A third artist depicted this woman in front of a broken arch of trees and to the right of the Three (*) Graces. The spring Hora brings a pink cloak towards this figure as she stands nude atop a scallop shell in another work by that artist. For 10 points, name this Roman goddess of love, whose "birth" was depicted by Sandro Botticelli.

Venus (prompt on "Aphrodite" before "Roman")

A group of these people established the Rurik dynasty in Novgorod and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard. Charles the Simple gave Rollo, one of these people, control of the Duchy of Normandy. These people attacked the Lindisfarne (*) monastery, and Cnut [KA-NOOT] the Great, one of their leaders, controlled both Denmark and England. These people established a settlement at L'Anse aux [LANCE AUS] Meadows in Newfoundland. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian seafarers once led by Leif Erikson.

Vikings (accept Norsemen; prompt on "Danes")

In one story, this figure appears as a dwarf with an umbrella who then grows to cross the universe in three steps. This deity also protects the boy Prahlada from his murderous demon father Hiranyakashipu [HIH-RUHN-YUHK-SHIH-PU] while in the form of a man-lion. The end of time will be accompanied by (*) Kalki, the last of this husband of Lakshmi's ten avatars that also include Rama and Krishna. For 10 points, name this Hindu preserver deity who appears alongside Brahma and Shiva as part of the Trimurti.

Vishnu (accept Jagannath; prompt on "Vamana" or "Narasimha")

One character in this play concludes that there's "nothing to be done" after failing to remove his boots. That character goes on a rambling monologue beginning with "Given the existence as uttered forth in the public works of Puncher and Wattmann" and repeats the phrase "quaquaquaqua" after putting on his (*) "thinking cap" in this play. After a belt breaks, the main characters of this play fail to hang themselves on the single tree onstage. Pozzo goes blind and Lucky becomes mute at the end of, for 10 points, what Samuel Beckett play in which Vladimir and Estragon never see the title character?

Waiting for Godot (accept En attendant Godot)

This poet is asked, "Where are we going?" after being seen " eyeing the grocery boys" by Allen Ginsberg in "A Supermarket in California." This poet, who describes seeing a "flood-tide below me" in one poem, also wrote "I do not talk of the beginning or the end" and declares "I sound my (*) barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world." In addition that poem, which begins "I celebrate myself," this poet described a man "fallen cold and dead" in a poem eulogizing Abraham Lincoln. For 10 points, name this poet of "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," "Song of Myself" and "O Captain, My Captain."

Walt Whitman

One character created by this author makes a pact with Old Scratch but is kidnapped after leaving a Bible on his desk. This creator of Tom Walker also wrote about a character who hears the sound of ninepins before drinking with Henry Hudson's crew in the Kaatskill Mountains. Brom Bones marries (*) Katrina von Tassel after Ichabod Crane is scared away by the Headless Horseman in another story by this author. Rip van Winkle was created by, for 10 points, what author of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow?

Washington Irving

In one poem by this poet, a "little black thing in the snow" is "taught to sing the notes of woe." The narrator of another poem by this author of "The Chimney Sweeper" notices "marks of weakness, marks of woe" as he wanders "thro' each charter'd street" of "London." In his most famous work, this poet asks "did he who made the (*) lamb make thee?" before describing a creature as "burning bright / in the forests of the night." For 10 points, name this poet whose collections Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience included "The Lamb" and "The Tyger."

William Blake

This poet wrote of his desire to "live alone in the bee-loud glade" where he will build a small cabin "of clay and wattles made." Another of his poems describes "MacDonagh and MacBride / And Connolly and Pearse"as "changed, changed utterly" in a poem concluding that "a terrible (*) beauty is born." This author of "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" lamented that "the falcon cannot hear the falconer" in a poem which asks "what rough beast...slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?" For 10 points, name this Irish poet of "The Second Coming," and "Easter, 1916."

William Butler Yeats

One of this poet's most famous works is comprised of four four-word stanzas that complete one sentence. This poet depicted a red fire truck rushing through a city in a poem that inspired Charles Demuth's painting "I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold." This poet of "The Great Figure" and the epic poem Paterson wrote a note about eating (*) "plums that were in the icebox" that were "so sweet and so cold." For 10 points, name this poet of "This Is Just To Say," who described an object "glazed with rain water, beside the white chickens" in "The Red Wheelbarrow."

William Carlos Williams (accept WCW)

This actor hits flowers with a putter while pretending he's at the Masters in a film that ends with his character blowing up a golf course. In Zombieland, Columbus accidentally shoots this actor while at his mansion. In another film this actor plays a character who memorizes Jeopardy! Responses and keeps waking (*) up to "I Got You Babe." That film sees this actor fall in love with Rita and continuously wake up in Punxsutawney [PUNK-SUH-TAWN-EE], Pennsylvania to cover the title holiday. For 10 points, name this actor who portrayed Carl in Caddyshack and Phil Connors in Groundhog Day.

William James "Bill" Murray

In one speech, this man states that "we have petitioned; and our petitions have been scorned" and argues "destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country," while arguing for a 16-to-1 weight ratio. This man, who resigned as Secretary of State after the sinking of the (*) Lusitania, died four days after being examined by Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Trial. For 10 points, name this Democratic politician and supporter of free silver, who stated "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" while running for president in 1896.

William Jennings Bryan

Lorenzo's oil can be used to treat ALD, a disorder caused by an abnormality on this structure. An increase in the number of CGG repeats on the FMR1 unit of this structure can lead to its namesake mental condition. These structures are inactivated during lyonization to (*) form Barr bodies, and their absence in some females leads to Turner's syndrome. Hemophilia and colorblindness are recessive traits on this chromosome, which is why those diseases are more common in men. For 10 points, females have two of what sex chromosome?

X chromosome (prompt on "chromosome" before mention)

After his mother died, one ruler of this kingdom barred the planting of crops and was subsequently assassinated by his brothers. A group of British soldiers under John Chard successfully defended a mission station against this kingdom, though it defeated Lord Chelmsford the day before. Though it lost the Battle of Rorke's (*) Drift, this group's impi used the buffalo horns formation and the iklwa spear to win the Battle of Isandlwana. For 10 points, name this South African ethnic group led by Cetshwayo and Shaka.

Zulu Kingdom (or Zulu Empire; or Zululand; do not accept "KwaZulu-Natal")

This quantity is related to enthalpy in the Evans-Polanyi principle, and one form of it symbolized "delta G double dagger" appears in the Eyring equation. The plot of ln K versus 1/T [one over T] has a negative slope of this quantity over R. The negative of this quantity is divided by the product of the gas constant and temperature in the exponent of the (*) Arrhenius equation. Catalysts speed up reaction rates by lowering, for 10 points, what minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction, symbolized Ea [E-SUB-A]?

activation energy

One section of this text speaks of being "forgiving and merciful" to those who "repent" and who "establish prayer." Another verse in that section says to grant protection to those who seek it, but immediately follows the "sword verse." That section begins with a "declaration of dissociation" from those who "had made a treaty among the polytheists," instead of the traditional (*) "bismillah." Someone who has memorized this entire text is called a hafiz. This text is broken up into Suras and serves as the basis for Sharia law. For 10 points, name this sacred text of Islam.

al-Quran (or Koran)

A reagent of chromium trioxide and sulfuric acid is used to oxidize primary and secondary forms of these compounds to carboxylic acids and ketones in the Jones reaction. These compounds have sulfur analogues called thiols and contain a (*) hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon atom. Fermentation of sugars can be carried out by yeast to produce ethanol, one type of these compounds. For 10 points, name these organic compounds which come in "wood" and "rubbing" varieties, and which are found in beer and wine.

alcohols

This element's hydroxide is found in gibbsite, which is a component of the main ore this element is found in. The Verneuil [VER-NEWL] process uses this element's crystalline form to make gemstones like rubies and sapphires. Electrolysis separates this compound from cryolite in the (*) Hall-Heroult [HAIR-OO] process. This element's most common mineral form is bauxite. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 13, and symbol 'Al' [SPELL OUT: A- L].

aluminum (accept Al before mention)

Nonpolar varieties of these molecules cannot be absorbed by people with Hartnup disease, and they can be synthesized in a reaction that condenses an aldehyde with ammonia and cyanide, the Strecker synthesis. These zwitterions are differentiated through their (*) R-group side chains, and are linked between their carboxyl and a namesake NH2 functional group by peptide bonds. They are transported to ribosomes by tRNA molecules during translation. Phenylalanine and glycine are examples of, for 10 points, what building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Friedrich Wohler accidentally disproved vitalism by combining isocyanic acid with this compound to form the organic molecule urea. This compound, which forms Tollens' reagent with silver nitrate, is a weak base and has a trigonal pyramidal structure. With oxygen and water, this compound produces nitric acid in the (*) Ostwald process. The Haber-Bosch process uses nitrogen fixation to produce this compound found in fertilizers. For 10 points, name this compound with formula NH3 [N-H-3].

ammonia (accept NH3 before mentioned)

One attempt to perform this action allegedly ended after a man gave his ex-lover a .45-caliber pistol. Members of the Mafia were offered $150,000 to perform this action, targeting a man who attacked the Moncada Barracks and led the 26th of July Movement. Operation Mongoose used bacteria placed in a (*) diving suit, a ballpoint pen containing a poisoned syringe, and an exploding cigar in failed attempts to perform this action. For 10 points, identify this action attempted by the CIA against a President of Cuba.

assassinating Fidel Castro (accept synonyms of "assassination;" accept word forms)

Norman Good compiled an ideal list of these substances that include HEPES and tricine. One of these substances called TBE consists of EDTA, boric acid, and Tris, and is often used to protect DNA from hydrolysis during gel electrophoresis. Bicarbonate and carbonic (*) acid interact to form one of these systems in the bloodstream. These substances function as a result of the common ion effect, while their pH can be found using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. A weak acid and its conjugate base may be, for 10 points, what solutions that resist changes in pH?

buffers (or buffer solutions or buffering agents)

Drugs targeting PCSK9 lower levels of one type of this molecule, the production of which is boosted by niacin. The synthesis of this compound begins HMG-CoA and ends with a 19-step demethylation [DE-METH-IH-LA-TION] of lanosterol, while its hydroxyl group binds to phospholipid heads to regulate (*) cell membrane fluidity. Atherosclerosis [AH-THE-RO-SKLER-OSIS], the narrowing and hardening of arteries, is caused by a buildup of this molecule and often leads to heart attacks. For 10 points, name this steroid with LDL and HDL forms.

cholesterol

The Bergeron process occurs in these objects when the ambient vapor pressure is between the saturation vapor pressures of water and ice. Nacreous types of these structures cause ozone depletion around the poles. Nucleation of these structures can be caused by silver iodide in their namesake (*) "seeding." Contrails are a man-made type of these objects. For 10 points, name these structures of condensed water vapor that include cirrus, stratus, and cumulus.

clouds (accept any specific type of cloud)

The European Space Agency's Rosetta was the first ever unmanned probe to land on one of these objects, some of which are classified as Kreutz sungrazers. NASA's Deep Impact blasted a crater on one of these objects, another of which, (*) Shoemaker Levy-9, collided with Jupiter. The Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt are sources of short-term and long-term variations of these objects, which have comas and tails made of ice and dust. For 10 points, name these astronomical objects, one of which is named for Edmund Halley.

comets

One song about this action states "hey there baby, I could use just a little help" and "you can't start a fire without a spark" and appears on Born in the U.S.A. A song that references a performer of this activity states "hold me closer / count the headlights on the highway" and is by (*) Elton John. "Having the time of your life / see that girl / watch that scene" is sung in a song stating "you can" do this action "you can jive." For 10 points, name this activity done "in the dark" by Bruce Springsteen, a "queen" of which is referenced by ABBA.

dancing (accept word forms like dancer)

Immanuel Kant criticized this system as a "contradiction of the general will" in his essay Perpetual Peace, which also led to the theory that these governments do not go to war with each other. Another philosopher argued for progressive (*) education in a book about this form of government. A book written while studying one country's prisons outlined this system's "tyranny of the majority." For 10 points, Alexis de Tocqueville [TOKE-VILL] wrote about what system of government "in America?"

democracy (accept word forms; accept constitutional republic)

Imaging is limited by this phenomenon, as described by the equation angular resolution equals 1.22 times lambda over D; that is the Rayleigh criterion. The equation two times distance times the sine of the scattering angle equals n times the wavelength describes the scattering from a crystal due to this phenomenon in (*) Bragg's Law. Thomas Young demonstrated the interference caused by this phenomenon in his double-slit experiment. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which light bends around an obstacle.

diffraction

The maximum of the function x1/x [x to the power of 1 over x] occurs at this input value. The integral of 1/x [1 divided by x] from 1 to this number equals 1. This number is equal to the sum of the series "1 divided by n factorial" and can be raised to an exponent to display continuously compounding (*) interest. The derivative of this number to the power of x is again this number to the power of x, meaning the function is its own derivative. For 10 points, name this constant, the base of the natural exponential and logarithmic functions.

e (or Euler's number; do not accept or prompt on "Euler's constant")

Polypeptides which are tagged for retention in this structure contain a four amino acid sequence known as KDEL. Vesicles coated in COPI are sent from this organelle to the Golgi bodies. A variant of this organelle stores calcium, and surrounds the sarcomeres in muscle cells. Folds in this organelle are called (*) cisternae [SIS-TER-NAY] and this organelle is useful in detoxifying alcohol in liver cells. This organelle's membrane is continuous with the nucleus and may be studded with ribosomes. For 10 points, name this organelle which comes in 'rough' and 'smooth' varieties.

endoplasmic reticulum (or ER; accept smooth or rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

The angle of repose is equal to the arctangent of a constant named for this phenomenon. The difference between two constants of this phenomena causes the stick-slip phenomenon, while this force's rolling constant is inversely proportional to the square root of the diameter. Amontons and Coulomb determined that the (*) kinetic form of this force is independent of velocity and the contact area. This force is equal to mu, its namesake coefficient, times the normal force. For 10 points, name this force that resists motion.

frictional force

Many raids were conducted into Cass County, Michigan because it had a high population of these people. A mob broke Shadrach Minkins, one of these people, out of a Boston courthouse, after which he fled to Canada. Daniel Webster resigned from the Senate due to his support of a law concerning these people. An 1850 (*) "Act" barred jury trials for these individuals, who could be arrested solely on the word of a claimant. "Box" Brown became one of these people by mailing himself from Virginia to Philadelphia. For 10 points, name these people who lived in the north and Canada, often after using the Underground Railroad.

fugitive slaves (or escaped slaves; accept similar answers; prompt on "slaves" but do not accept or prompt on "freed slaves" or anything indicating a status of "free" because legally they are not)

These organisms transfer nuclei through clamp connections. These organisms possess a tissue layer called the hymenium, which contains reproductive structures called basidia and asci, and they may interact with plant roots in symbiotic relationships called (*) mycorrhizae. These organisms' mycelium consists of branches of threadlike hyphae for nutrient absorption, and their cell walls are composed of chitin. For 10 points, name this kingdom of organisms that includes yeasts and mushrooms.

fungi (accept fungus)

Blue topaz can be created from white topaz when white topaz is exposed to these objects. They can be emitted without recoil by atomic nuclei in the Mossbauer Effect, and the Compton Edge results from them scattering off the detector in spectroscopy. When atomic nuclei descend from an excited state back to a lower one, these objects are emitted in their namesake (*) "decay." Their namesake "bursts" are some of the brightest events in the universe and may result from the collapse of stars. For 10 points, name these electromagnetic rays with the greatest energy and shortest wavelength.

gamma rays (prompt on gamma decay before mentioned)

A master constraint for one type of this force is calculated by integrating the square of the Hamiltonian constraints, while a 2012 study measured the speed of this force to be equal to the speed of light. The theory of General Relativity states that this force, the source of the three-body problem, is caused by the (*) curvature of space-time. Big G times the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance is the strength of, for 10 points, what weakest fundamental force, which causes an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second on Earth?

gravity (accept loop quantum gravity)

The silver salts of carboxylic acids are reacted with these elements in the Hunsdiecker [HUNS-DEE-KER] reaction, while atoms of them are exchanged in the Finkelstein reaction. One element in this group is used to detect starches in Lugol's solution and is added to salt to prevent goiter. Teflon is formed from carbon and the element with the highest (*) electronegativity, which is in this group of elements with seven valence electrons. Iodine, chlorine, and fluorine are among, for 10 points, what group of elements left of the Noble Gases on the periodic table?

halogens (accept Group 17 or Group 7A)

In 2013, the city of Irwindale, California sued a company producing this substance for emitting "noxious odors," citing it as a "public nuisance." Avery Island, Louisiana is the primary site of production for another form of this substance, a third of which was paired with kale in a McDonald's burger. A similar substance to this called (*) Sambal Oelek is sold by Huy Fong Foods, who also produces a brand of this item with a signature green cap and rooster on the bottle. For 10 points, name this spicy condiment, examples of which include Frank's RedHot, Tabasco, and Sriracha.

hot sauce (accept chili sauce or pepper sauce or spicy sauce; prompt on partial answers; accept more specific answers such as "Sriracha" before mention)

The diagonalisation argument was first used to prove a form of this property. Aleph numbers describe the cardinality of sets with this property, which are used in Hilbert's Hotel paradox. Georg Cantor differentiated between sets with (*) "countable" and "uncountable" cardinalities of this property possessed by the set of natural numbers. Euclid proved that there are this many prime numbers. For 10 points, name this property of having no limit.

infinite (or infinity; prompt on synonyms and suggestions that there is no limit)

Stokes' Theorem governs a form of this operation done on a vector field. Switching the order of "iterated" forms of this operation is allowed by Fubini's Theorem. When performed without bounds, this operation is (*) "indefinite" and does not require the addition of a constant, while its "definite" forms can be approximated by the Trapezoidal Rule and Riemann Sums. For 10 points, name this operation that finds the area under a curve, the inverse of differentiation.

integration (or integral; accept line integral before "indefinite")

Two pi over lambda represents one quantity denoted by this letter, the angular wavenumber. A theory of trait selection where populations live in stable environments near the carrying capacity is named for this letter, which also names a vitamin commonly found in (*) leafy vegetables and whose production is blocked by blood thinners such as Warfarin. A reaction's equilibrium constant is represented by, for 10 points, what letter, which is also the unit of the Kelvin temperature scale?

k

In one definition, this concept is split into ghatiya and aghatiya types, depending on whether it harms the soul or body. Cetanā, or intention, is cited by Buddhists as the most important mental faculty in vipāka, or the ripening of this concept. Leśyā is the colouring of the soul by this concept, which is represented as (*) cosmic dust in Jainism. This concept affects the cycle of rebirth known as saṃsāra, and good deeds lead to the improvement of it, allowing for moksha, or liberation. For 10 points, name this concept that states one's past actions will influence their future lives.

karma (or kamma)

Specialized forms of these structures called bracts may accompany an inflorescence. Sessile forms of these organs, which consist of a lamina and stipules [STIH-PULES], do not have an attached petiole. Gas that is produced within the palisade and spongy mesophyll of these structures exits through their (*) stomata, and they are surrounded by a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss during transpiration. For 10 points, name these plant organs, the primary sites of photosynthesis, which may also fall to the ground during autumn.

leaves (or leaf)

One of these organizations, the Siku Quanshu [SEE-KOO CHWEN-SHOO], was established by the Qianlong [CHIEN-LONG] emperor of China. Another of these organizations was established by Ashurbanipal and burned down during the sack of (*) Nineveh [NIN-eh-vuh]. The serapeum [SER-AH-PEE-UM] was the successor of one of these organizations that may have been destroyed by Julius Caesar's army and employed Eratosthenes [ER-AH-TOS-THEN-EES] and Callimachus. Ptolemy III purchased scrolls for a "great" Alexandrian one of, for 10 points, what literary organizations?

library (or libraries; accept synonyms and word forms; prompt on "treasury" before "Ashurbanipal")

A mutation in the GBA gene can lead to the buildup of glucocerebroside in this organelle and the onset of Gaucher disease. Proteins destined for this organelle are tagged with mannose 6-phosphate by the Golgi apparatus. GM2 gangliosides are degraded by the enzyme hexosaminidase A in this organelle, which is nonfunctional in (*) Tay-Sachs disease. A pH of about 4.5 characterizes, for 10 points, what organelles that contain catalytic enzymes which are used to digest cellular waste and macromolecules?

lysosomes

A toroidal form of this construct can be found in a tokamak. This quantity equal to the curl of the vector potential forms a transverse voltage when aligned perpendicular to a current in the Hall effect. Gauss's law states that the integral of this quantity around a closed (*) surface is equal to zero, while another law states the integral of this region around a closed loop is proportional to the current. The Biot-Savart [BE-OH SA-VAR] Law and Ampere's Law govern, and Teslas measure, for 10 points, what fields associated with north and south poles?

magnetic fields (accept B-fields; accept just "magnetic" after "fields" is read)

MSH4 and MSH5 [SPELL OUT] proteins stabilize Holliday junctions as yeasts undergo this process, which may be described by the coefficient of coincidence. The formation of the synaptonemal [SY-NAP-TO-NEE-MAL] complex may occur during pachynema in this process. Improper formation of a tetrad during crossing (*) over in this process can lead to nondisjunction. Human gametes have only 23 chromosomes because of the two rounds of division in this process. For 10 points, name this type of cell division that produces four haploid cells, as opposed to mitosis.

meiosis (accept prophase I until "human gametes;" accept "synapsis" or "crossing over" until mentioned; prompt on "oogenesis" or "spermatogenesis" or "cell cycle")

In one appearance, these figures accidentally help the Nelson family rob a bank while hitchhiking to Orlando. A vacuum hidden inside an ice cream truck is used to kidnap these figures, after which the PX-41 serum is used by El Macho to make them (*) purple and hairy. After outwitting their previous master, Scarlet Overkill, these characters become the henchmen of a man who tries to defeat Vector by stealing the moon. Stuart, Kevin, and Bob are among, for 10 points, what small yellow creatures who accompany Gru in the Despicable Me franchise?

minions

In one story, a trail of puffed rice left by Mrs. Das leads these creatures to attack her illegitimate child Bobby. These creatures inhabit the vanara kingdom of Kishkindha under the rule of Vali and Sugriva in an epic where one of them transports a mountain to save Prince Lakshmana, the Ramayana. (*) Hanuman may have inspired one of these animals who wields a magical staff and accompanies Xuanzang, Sandy, and Pigsy on a quest to India in Journey to the West. Sun Wukong is the king of, for 10 points, what primates?

monkeys (anti-prompt (ask for less specific) on more specific answers such as "chimpanzees" or "apes")

The Coase Conjecture states that a producer in this condition must begin by selling at a low price. Deadweight loss is created in this condition because supply is lower than the equilibrium quantity. Profit is maximized under this scenario when marginal revenue equals marginal costs. (*) Economies of scale and high barriers to entry lead to the "natural" form of, for 10 points, what economic scenario countered by antitrust laws, where only one entity provides a particular good or service?

monopoly (accept natural monopoly; do not accept or prompt on "monopolistic competition")

If the sum of two variables has this distribution, each individual variable must also have this distribution, as stated by Cramer's theorem. A Q-Q [Q TO Q] will be linear if the underlying data conforms to this distribution. The distribution of sample means of a random variable converges towards this distribution, according to the (*) Central Limit Theorem. The 68-95-99.7 rule approximates standard deviations from the mean of this distribution, from which Z-scores are calculated. For 10 points, name this probability distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, which resembles a bell curve.

normal distribution (accept Gaussian distribution before read; prompt on "bell curve")

The Winkler Test is used to determine the amount of this element present in water. Potassium chlorate is decomposed during the preparation of this element. When nitrates or phosphates are added to water, eutrophication causes the concentration of this element to decrease. After fluorine, this is the most (*) electronegative element. This element's triatomic form can form resonance structures and is often created by lightning strikes, forming a namesake "layer in the atmosphere." For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 8, a breathable gas in its diatomic form

oxygen (accept O2 before mentioned; do not accept ozone)

Geodesics can have "ultra" or "limiting" forms of this property in hyperbolic geometry, depending on whether they converge to a common point. The dot product of two unit vectors is maximized when they have this property. A transversal line will produce congruent (*) corresponding angles if the lines it intersects have this property, which is also possessed by lines with the same slope but different intercepts. For 10 points, identify this property shared by lines in the same plane that never intersect.

parallel (prompt on "same slope" or "never intersecting")

These compounds and aminoglycosides produce a synergistic effect in streptococcal infections. John Sheehan was the first to chemically synthesize one of these compounds, which consist of a thiazolidine ring fused to a Beta Lactam Ring. These compounds inhibit peptidoglycan (*) cross-links in bacterial cell walls and have been effective against diseases such as syphilis and staphylococci infections. For 10 points, name these antibiotics discovered by Alexander Fleming which inhibit cell wall synthesis and are derived from a mold.

penicillins

Raymond Cattell found 16 factors that determine this concept, which the University of Minnesota measured with a "multiphasic inventory." The acronym OCEAN is sometimes used to represent Lewis Goldberg's Five Factor model, which includes conscientiousness and neuroticism, of this concept. One test classifies this concept into dichotomies such as (*) intuitive or sensing and perception or judging, while another asks subjects to describe asymmetric inkblots. The Myers-Briggs and Rorschach test measure, for 10 points, what generalization of an individual's behavior?

personality

One of these events led to the creation of "National Workshops," which were closed prior to the June Days Uprising, and took place after the banning of private political banquets. Francois Guizot resigned during one of these events, another of which saw Nicholas I of Russia defeat Lajos [LA-HOS] Kossuth of (*) Hungary, who declared independence from Austria. The February Revolution in France, which overthrew Louis-Philippe, was one of these events that led to the resignation of Klemens von Metternich. For 10 points, name this series of revolutions in a 19th-century year.

revolutions of 1848 (accept any answer indicating revolts happening in 1848; prompt on "revolutions in France" or similar before Nicholas I)

A process used to generate ozone is named for a "cold" variety of this substance, though it can occur at near-room temperature. The distribution of this substance is governed by a modification of the Boltzmann transport equation named for Vlasov. A type of fusion reactor called a (*) tokamak uses a ring of this substance in a magnetic field to generate energy. St. Elmo's fire is one of these substances created by ionizing gases at high temperatures. For 10 points, name this fourth state of matter.

plasma

The Larmor formula calculates this quantity for a moving charge. The Poynting vector shows the amount of this quantity per unit area, and can be used to calculate its "radiant" form. In angular systems, this quantity is equal to the product of torque and angular (*) frequency. A modification to Ohm's Law states that this quantity is equal to the product of current and voltage. One form of this quantity, the change in energy over time, is used to rank the output of engines. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in watts.

power

Thales' theorem describes the creation of one of these objects inscribed in a circle. The area of these objects can be found by "S minus A times S minus B," where S is the semiperimeter. The circumcenter is on the midpoint of the longest side of these shapes. (*) Angle side side can be used to find congruent forms of these figures, in which the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two legs. For 10 points, the Pythagorean Theorem governs what three-sided shapes with a 90-degree angle?

right triangles (prompt on "triangles" but do not accept any other specific types of triangles)

Leonhard Euler made several equations of this type which generate diagonal lines on Ulam Spirals. Those equations generate sequences of consecutive prime numbers. Gauss confirmed that a function of numbers with this property mod a prime number could be solved, called their namesake (*) "reciprocity." The derivative of this kind of a function will always be zero at its vertex. The discriminant is used to determine the number of real solutions of a function of this type. For 10 points, name this word used to describe parabolas and polynomials with a degree of two.

quadratic (prompt on "polynomial")

Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in a dearth of these cells, but their overproduction can lead to polycythemia [POLY-CY-THEME-E-UH]. Duffy antigens are malarial parasite receptors located on the surface of these subjects of the direct Coombs test. The production of these cells is stimulated by the hormone (*) EPO, while a mutation of glutamic acid to valine may cause these nuclei-lacking cells to lose their biconcave shape in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these hemoglobin-containing cells that transport oxygen throughout the body.

red blood cells or erythrocytes (accept either)

Vieth v. Jubelirer concerned the legality of one form of this practice in Pennsylvania, while Baker v. Carr allowed the Supreme Court to intervene in cases of this practice. Compactness, contiguity, and equality of population are three requirements of this practice. "Cracking" and (*) "packing" are methods often used during this process, though doing it on the basis of race is unconstitutional. For 10 points, name this process of redrawing electoral districts, which is done to favor one party or group in gerrymandering.

redistricting (accept gerrymandering before mention)

. Four devices arranged in an array known as a Wheatstone Bridge measure this quantity. Thin wires increase this quantity, which is proportional to the ratio of length and area. The inverse of this quantity is measured in units of Siemens and is called conductance. Units of this quantity are the same units (*) used to express impedance. This quantity is multiplied by current to calculate voltage in Ohm's Law. For 10 points, name this quantity which is zero in superconductors, a measure of how hard it is for a charge to move.

resistance (do not accept or prompt on "resistivity")

Damien Hirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living features one of these animals preserved in formaldehyde. A man stabs a spear at one of these creatures near Morro Castle as two men attempt to (*) rescue the title individual of one painting. Another work depicts a black man alone on a fishing boat surrounded by these creatures. Winslow Homer's The Gulf Stream depicts, for 10 points, what aquatic predators, one of which attacks Brook Watson in a John Singleton Copley painting?

sharks (accept tiger shark; generously prompt on "fish")

A green emission line caused by iron and observed during one of these events led to the proposed element "coronium." Arthur Eddington used one of these events to confirm Einstein's theory of general relativity. The Saros cycle is used to predict one of these events every (*) 18 years. Baily's beads, caused by the sunlight still being able to reach the Earth through lunar valleys, are a phenomenon during this event. One can see the sun's corona in, for 10 points, what events where the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth?

solar eclipse (prompt on "eclipse," do not accept or prompt on "lunar eclipse")

One of these works describes "sighs on which I fed my heart," and opens with the line "you who hear the sound, in scattered rhymes." One of these works addressed to the Fair Youth states that "thy eternal summer shall not fade" after remarking "rough winds do shake the darling buds of (*) May." A type of this poetic form features a "turn," or volta, and was used to describe Laura. "My Mistress's Eyes are Nothing Like the Sun" and "Shall I compare thee to a Summer's Day?" are examples of, for 10 points, what 14-line poems written by Shakespeare and Petrarch?

sonnets (accept Shakespearean sonnets or Petrarchan sonnets)

The most inefficient version of these algorithms mimics the actions of primitive animals and is called its "bogo" type. An example of one of these algorithms compares elements based on gaps, which reduce in length over time. Donald (*) Shell created one of these algorithms, which often split the input into chunks in a method called "divide and conquer." One task of this type uses a pivot and is called the "quick" type. Most non-recursive examples of these algorithms have an efficiency of big O of n2 [n squared]. For 10 points, name these algorithms used to order input data.

sorting algorithms

The 800 species of cichlids in the East African Great Lakes illustrate this evolutionary process. Prezygotic [PRE-ZY-GOT-IC] and postzygotic barriers cause reproductive isolation, assisting in this process. One theory of this process is punctuated equilibrium, which relies on cladogenesis. This type of (*) evolutionary development is complete when reproduction between the original organism and the adapted organism is no longer possible. Geographic barriers assist in the allopatric type of this process. For 10 points, name this evolutionary process through which new species are formed.

speciation

An "alkaline tide" occurs when bicarbonate secreted in this organ causes an increase in blood pH. The fundus of this organ contains cells that secrete intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin B12, and this organ contains folds called rugae that allow it to expand. Chief cells in the walls of this organ secrete (*) pepsinogen, which serves as a precursor to another aspartic protease [PRO-TEE-ASE] found in it. Ulcers in this organ are caused by the bacteria H. pylori. For 10 points, name this primary digestive organ, where gastric acid digests food delivered from the esophagus.

stomach

One of these works features a polka that evokes the happiness of childhood and is Smetana's "From My Life." Beethoven wrote one of these works that features a double fugue, the Grosse [GROH-SEH] Fugue. A minuet and a tarantella feature in one of these works composed of variations on Schubert's lied (*)"Death and the Maiden," and another one of these works quotes the hymn "Deutschland Uber Alles." The Emperor and Sun were written by the "father of," for 10 points, what genre that Joseph Haydn was known for, an ensemble of two violins, a viola, and cello?

string quartet (prompt on partial answer)

Hideki Yukawa originally theorized that the muon carried this force. SU3 gauge theory describing this force predicts that it does not diminish past 10,000 Newtons, a property called confinement, and that it is infinitely strong at short distances, a property called asymptotic (*) freedom. This force described by quantum chromodynamics and mediated by gluons holds quarks together to form hadrons and binds protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. For 10 points, name this fundamental force that is more powerful than the weak force.

strong nuclear force (or strong nuclear interaction; accept "color force;" prompt on quantum chromodynamics)

The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the radiant emittance of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of this quantity. The dependence of the equilibrium constant on this quantity can be calculated using a known enthalpy change in the (*) Van't Hoff equation, while this quantity varies directly with volume for ideal gases by Charles's Law. The average kinetic energy of a gas is proportional to this quantity, while the entropy of a perfect crystal reaches zero at this quantity's lowest possible value. For 10 points, name this quantity measured with units Kelvin or Celsius.

temperature

This figure's mother legendarily had a dream about a white elephant piercing her womb with its tusks. His teachings are collected in the Sutta Pitaka, while seeking refuge in this figure is the first of the Three Jewels. After reflecting under the Bodhi (*) tree, this figure preached at the Deer Park in Sarnath; those teachings advised followers to seek the Middle Way and to end suffering by following the Eightfold Path. For 10 points, name this ascetic founder of a religion with Mahayana and Zen branches, whose title means "enlightened one".

the Buddha (accept Siddhartha Gautama or Gautama Buddha or Shakyamuni Buddha)

A brown manganese precipitate to test for dissolved oxygen is used in the Winkler test, one form of this process, while EDTA is used as a chelating agent in the complexometric form of this process. Substances such as bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein [PHEN-OLPH-THA-LEIN] may serve as indicators to find the (*) equivalence point in the acid-base form of this procedure. For 10 points, name this laboratory procedure which often uses a buret and a known reagent to determine the concentration of an unknown analyte.

titration (accept volumetric analysis or titrimetry)

Claude Monet painted many of these man-made objects at Saint-Lazare, while Van Gogh depicted a blue-and-green one of them on the Bridge Across the Seine at Asnieres. A mirror, a clock, and two candlesticks are above one of these things intended to "stab" the viewer as it emerges from a (*) fireplace in Rene [RE-NAY] Magritte's Time Transfixed. Another of these objects emerges from a foggy Maidenhead Bridge in a J.M.W. Turner painting. For 10 points, identify the type of vehicle depicted in Rain, Steam, and Speed.

trains (accept locomotives, prompt on "vehicle" before mentioned)

The RPB1 subunit of a protein involved in this process is inhibited by the mushroom toxin alpha-Amanitin, and this process is regulated by sigma and rho factors in bacteria. This process may be initiated at the Pribnow box or by TBP binding to the TATA box as part of a promoter region. A guanine (*) cap and poly-A tail are added to the product of this process, which undergoes splicing after being synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase. For 10 points, name this part of protein synthesis where cellular DNA is read to produce mRNA, and which precedes translation.

transcription (prompt on "protein synthesis")

Lif and Lifthrasir [LIF-THRA-SEER] hide in one of these objects to survive Ragnarok. After being hospitable to Zeus, Baucis and Philemon were rewarded by being transformed into these objects after they died. The squirrel Ratatosk ferries insults between an eagle that perches atop one of these objects and the serpent (*) Nidhogg, which gnaws on the roots of one of these objects. Dryads inhabit these objects, which Daphne was turned into while being chased by Apollo. For 10 points, name these objects such as Yggdrasil which include ash, laurel, and oak varieties.

trees (accept ash, laurel, oak, or linden trees)

As its electrons transition to the principal quantum number of this value, hydrogen emits spectral lines in a Balmer series. The central carbon atoms in ethylene have a bond order of this number. This is the number of nitrogen atoms in hydrazine and the number of valence electrons in (*) alkaline earth metals. The element with this atomic number has a nucleus equivalent to an alpha particle and is the lightest noble gas. The atomic number of helium is, for 10 points, what number, which is also the number of atoms in a diatomic molecule like nitrogen gas?

two [or 2]

The difference in this quantity in two locations is equal to the difference of the Fermi levels over the fundamental charge. Faraday's law calculates the emf, which is inferred to be equal to this quantity in most applications. Kirchhoff's Second Law states that the difference in this quantity around any closed (*) circuit is zero. The amount of this quantity needed to make an insulator conductive is known as its "breakdown" variety. The standard amount of this quantity is measured as a root-mean-square value of 120. For 10 points, name this quantity denoted "V" and provided by batteries.

voltage (accept emf before mention)

"Open" and "front" types of these entities have high F1 and F2 values. In Korean, these entities must be in the same class so their namesake "harmony" can occur. Height, backness, and roundedness are used to measure these sounds. A "great (*) shift" of these sounds took place between Middle English and Modern English. Two of these sounds are pronounced as one in a diphthong. For 10 points, name these sounds contrasted with consonants

vowels

Supporters of this cause went on hunger strikes after they were arrested for smashing windows. Emily Davison was trampled by King George V's horse while advocating for British adoption of this cause at the Epsom Derby. This right was not established in Switzerland until 1971, though New Zealand became the (*) first to adopt it in 1893. The lack of this right was the first grievance listed in the Declaration of Sentiments, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention. For 10 points, identify this cause advocated for by Susan B. Anthony, a right established by the 19th amendment.

women's suffrage (or women's right to vote; accept similar answers about women voting; prompt on answers that do not mention women)