A + P Ch's 14-16 🌸🌺❤️6/20

Epidural space

immediately outside the dura mater but inside the bony coverings of the spinal cord. Contain supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues. only in the spinal cord

cervical plexus

located deep within the neck; innervates muscles and skin on the neck, upper shoulder, and part of the head.

lumbar plexus

located in the low back; divides into many branches supplying the thigh and leg

Cauda equina

lower end of the spinal cord with its attached spinal nerve roots.

Medulla Oblongata

lowest part; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located within this area; contian a number of reflex centers (cardiac vasomotor and respiratory centers)

Dura Mater

made of strong white fibrous tissue, serves as the outer layer of the meninges and also as the inner periosteum of the cranial bones

brainstem inferior to superior

medulla, midbrain, pons

Longitudinal Fissure

the deepest groove in the cerebrum; divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres.

Components of the Diencephalon

the thalamus, hypothalamus (main) the optic charisma and the pineal gland, along with several other small structures

Spinal Roots

ventral and dorsal root

Efferent divisions of the ANS

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Neurotransmitters produced in Sympathetic Postganlionic Neurons vs. those produced in Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

Sympathetic: produce many norepinephrine and few acetylcholine Parasympathetic: only produce acetylcholine

Ventral (anterior) root

bundle of nerve fibers that carry motor information out of the spinal cord

Dorsal (posterior) root

bundle of nerve fibers that carry sensory information into the spinal cord.

Diencephalon

"between" brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesenceohalon, or midbrain.

Central sulcus

(Rolando Fissure) groove between the frontal and perietal lobes.

Later Fissure

(Sylvius Fissure) a deep groove between the temporal lobe below and the frontal and parietal lobes above; island of Reil lies deep in the later issue.

Number of Spinal Nerves

31 Pairs; numbered by the level of the vertebral column in which they emerge from

Cerebral lobes

5 lobes; four are named for the bones that lie over them, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. The fifth is called the insula

Hearing is a function of?

8th cranial nerve. Auditory nerve

Pia Mater

Adheres to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels.

Vagus nerve

Crainial Nerve (X); contains both sensory and motor fibers (mixed nerve); sensations and movements of organs

3 layers of meninges

Dura Mater; Arachnoid Mater; Pia Mater

Pons

Lie between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain; contains the pneumotaxix centers that help regulate respiration.

Gyri

Raised areas on the cerebrum and the cerebellum; less prominent in the cerebellum (also called folia)

Midbrain

Region of the brain between teh pons and the diencephalon; uppermost part; contains reflex centers for certain crania nerves reflexes

Functions of the Hypothalamus

Regulator and coordinator of autonomic activites; Synethsize hormones; plays crucial role in arousal mechanism; Crucial role in mechanism regarding appetite; crucial part in maintaining normal body temp.

Sulci

Shallow grooves that lie between gyri

Arachnoid Mater

a delicate, spiderweb-like layer, lies between the dura mater and the pia mater.

Vermis lies

between the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

Vermis

central section of the cerebellum

Plexus

complex network formed by converging and diverging nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics; 4 major pairs

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

consists of centers in the brainstem's reticular formation that receive impulses from the spinal cord and relay them to the thalamus and from the thalamus to all parts of the cerebral cortex.

Sensory cranial nerve

cranial nerve that consists of only sensory axons

Hypoglossal nerve

cranial nerve; motor nerve; responsible for tongue movement.

Foramen Magnum

divides the brain and spinal cord

ANS

division of the nervous system that monitors and regulates subconscious (involuntary) functions

Major functions of the ANS

heartbeat regulation, smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and metabolism regulation in ways that maintain homeostatic balance or respond to threats to that balance.

Pineal gland

endocrine gland located in teh diencephalon and thought to be involved with regulating the body's biological clock; produced melatonin; also called pineal body

Autonomic Reflex

feedback regulatory mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system in which autonomic sensory receptors trigger a regulatory response; consist of contactions of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretion of glands

Insula

fifth lobe of the cerebral cortex; lies hidden from view in the lateral fissure and has an external view

What does the Sympathetic Nervous system do?

fight or flight

Meninges

fluid-containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Falx cerebri

fold in the dura mater that seperates the two cerebral hemispheres.

sacral plexus

formed by the fibers from the fourth and fifth lumbar nerves and the first four sacral nerves; supplies nearly all the skin on the leg, the posterior thigh muscles, and the leg and foot muscles

brachial plexus

found deep within the shoulder; innervates the lower part of the should and the entire arm.

Parasympathetic

ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many automic effectors under normal (rest and repair) condidtions.

Sympathetic

ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions in fight-or-flight response

Parietooccipital sulcus

groove that separates the occiputal lobe from the parietal

Arbor vitae

internal white matter of the cerebellum; distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf

Tentorium Cerebelli

inward extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum (forms a tentlike convering over the cerebellum)

Where CSF is formed and its circulation path

it is formed as fluid is separated from blood in the choroid plexuses, then it flows into the ventricles of the brain, circulates through the ventricles and into the central canal and subarachnoid spaces, and is then absorbed back into blood

Cerebrum

larges and uppermost part of the brain that controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movement; consists of the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Phrenic nerve

nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract

Corpus Collosum

nerve tissue connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres; also called the commisural tract

ANS Effectors

not skeletal muscles

Limbic system

part of the brain involved in emotions and sense of smell; plays key role in coupling sensory inputs to short and long-term memory; consists of the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and several other structures.

Brainstem

performs sensory, motor, and reflex functions. Have 3 division (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)

somatic reflex

reflexive contraction of smooth muscles

Dermatome

skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve.

Filum Terminale

slender filament formed by the pia mater that blends with the dura mater and then the periosteum of the coccyx.

Falx cerebelli

small fold in the dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa, between the cerebellum and cerebrum

arbor vitae

white matter in the cerebellum