A&P 1 Chapter 9 Joints
Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Joint pain, swelling, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness and cardiovascular problems
Pronation
turning hand forward
Inversion
tun sole medially
Eversion
turn sole laterally
Supination
turning hand backward
What is a gomphosis joint?
Peg in socket joint
What is the function of the tendon sheath?
Permits the tendon to move
What are the friction-reducing structures of a synovial joint?
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
What are the inflammatory and degenerative conditions of joints?
Bursitis Tendonitis Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis
What is a synchondrosis joint?
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones and are all synarthrotic
Features of the shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint
Ball-and-socket joint Stability is sacrifice for greater freedom of movement
How are joints classified by function?
Based on amount of movement allowed by joint
What are the features of a fibrous joint?
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue No joint cavity Most are synarthrotic
What are the features of a cartilaginous joint?
Bones united by cartilage No joint cavity
What are the functions of joints?
Give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
Features of rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease that usually occurs between ages 40-50 and 3x more likely in women than men
Features of osteoarthritis
Common, irreversible, degenerative arthritis caused from wear-and-tear and affects 85% of all Americans; more women than men
What is a tendon sheath?
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
Examples of synchondrosis
Epiphyseal plate and hyaline cartilage between the 1st rib and the sternum
What is the function of bursae?
Facilitates movement and reduces friction between moving parts
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
What are bursae?
Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes that contain synovial fluid and commonly act as ball bearings where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
What is the amount of movement allowed by a diathrotic joint
Freely Movable
How are joints classified?
Function and Structure
What is the articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage
What is a symphysis joint
Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage and is strong, flexible and amphiarthrotic
What is the amount of movement allowed by a synarthrotic joint?
Immovable
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of the tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Joint (synovial) cavity Articular (joint) capsule Synovial fluid All are diarthrotic
What is the function of the synovial fluid?
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Treatment of osteoarthritis
Moderate activity, mild pain relievers and glucosamine-chondroitin
Affects of osteoarthritis
More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints and causes the exposed bone ends to thicken, enlarge and spur which restricts movement
Features of arthritis
Most widespread crippling disease in the US >100 different types
What is the articular capsule?
Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue with an inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
Symptoms, causes and treatments of arthritis
Pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics
Examples of symphysis
Pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc
Treatments of bursitis or tendonitis?
Rest Ice Anti-inflammatory drugs
What is articulation?
Site where 2 or more bones meet
What is the amount of movement allowed by an amphiarthrotic joint?
Slightly Movable
What is the joint (synovial) cavity?
Small potential of space
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses
Example of suture
Sutures in the skull (coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal and squamosal sutures)
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis Symphysis
Protraction
anterior movement
Example of syndesmosis
connection of tibia to fibula
Flexion
decreases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension
excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
Circumduction
flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb in a cone shape
Extension
increase the angle of the joint
Cause and affect of gouty arthritis
inflammation caused by uric acid crystals depositing in the joints and soft tissues; most common area affected is the base of the great toe
example of gliding
intercarpal/intertarsal joints
Example of amphiarthroses
intervertebral discs
Elevation
lifting a body part superficially
Example of gomphosis
ligament holds the tooth in the socket
Example of diarthroses
most joints in the body; synovial joints
Abduction
movement away from the midline
Opposition
movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers
Adduction
movement toward the midline
Depression
moving a body part inferiorly
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Plantar Flexion
pointing toes downward
Dorsiflexion
pointing toes upward
Retraction
posterior movement
Example of synarthroses
skull sutures
Rotation
the turning of a bone around its own long axis
What is a syndesmosis joint?
Joint held together by a ligament
What is a suture joint?
Joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock