A&P 1 Exam 5 (Chapter 11,12,13)

What contains a spiderweblike network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows? A) subdural space B) dural sinus C) falx cerebri D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater

D) subarachnoid space

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. A) perineal B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic

E) sciatic

Which of these dural folds is mismatched with its location? A) falx cerebri; transverse fissure B) tentorium cerebelli; covering cerebellum C) falx cerebelli; between cerebellar hemispheres D) A and C only E) None are mismatched.

A) falx cerebri; transverse fissure

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in A) ganglia B Schwann cells C) the motor division D) sensory division E) nerves

A) ganglia

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? A) glutamate B) gamma aminobutyric acid C) serotonin D) noradrenaline E) glycine

A) glutamate

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) brain stem. D) mesencephalon. E) myelencephalon.

A) hypothalamus.

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) ________ gate. A) inactivation B) ion C) swinging D) repolarization E) threshold

A) inactivation

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in A) increased consciousness. B) sleep. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) B, C, and D

A) increased consciousness.

In meningitis, A) inflammation of the meninges occurs. B) bacteria can be the cause. C) viruses can be the cause. D) CSF flow can be disrupted. E) all of the above

A) inflammation of the meninges occurs.

Cerebrospinal fluid A) is secreted by ependymal cells. B) is formed by a passive process. C) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. D) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. E) both B and D

A) is secreted by ependymal cells.

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains. A) larger B) smaller C) the same size D) very smooth E) more convoluted

A) larger

Ion channels that are always open are known as A) leak channels. B) active channels. C) chemically gated channels. D) voltage-gated channels. E) both B and D

A) leak channels.

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) transverse fissure. D) parieto-occipital sulcus. E) postcentral sulcus.

A) longitudinal fissure.

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) loss of sensation in his torso B) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems with moving his legs

A) loss of sensation in his torso

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum.

A) medulla oblongata.

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have full range of motion in all extremities. D) would be in a coma. E) would exhibit none of the above.

A) might be unable to breathe on his own.

The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the ________. A) neurotransmitter; receptor B) receptor; neurotransmitter C) substrate; receptor D) hormone; neurotransmitter E) propagation; neurotransmitter

A) neurotransmitter; receptor

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is A) olfaction. B) gustation. C) hearing. D) vision. E) dizziness.

A) olfaction.

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

A) parietal lobe.

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum.

A) perineurium.

What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? A) pia mater B) arachnoid C) dura mater D) cranial plexus E) choroid plexus

A) pia mater

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) epidural space. D) subdural space. E) subarachnoid space.

A) pia mater.

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) arachnoid membrane. D) neural cortex. E) subarachnoid mater.

A) pia mater.

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the A) prefrontal cerebral cortex. B) occipital association cortex. C) reticular formation. D) temporal lobe. E) cerebral ganglia.

A) prefrontal cerebral cortex.

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex. A) primary sensory B) primary motor C) visual D) olfactory E) auditory

A) primary sensory

The ________ integrate(s) sensory information for projection to the cerebral cortex. A) pulvinar B) lateral geniculates C) medial geniculates D) supraoptic nuclei E) paraventricular nuclei

A) pulvinar

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

A) sensory nuclei.

Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors? A) sight B) taste C) activities of the digestive system D) cardiovascular activities E) urinary activities

A) sight

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to A) smell his food. B) smile. C) blink his eyes. D) nod his head. E) all of the above

A) smell his food.

When cholinergic receptors are stimulated, A) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. B) sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron. C) chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. D) chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron. E) both B and D

A) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.

The structure labeled 2 is a A) soma. B) dendrite. C) initial segment. D) perikaryon. E) Nissl body.

A) soma.

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated A) spatial summation. B) temporal summation. C) inhibition of the impulse. D) hyperpolarization. E) impulse transmission.

A) spatial summation.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the A) cerebrum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) corpus callosum.

A) cerebrum.

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal

A) cervical

Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative

A) chemical

Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called A) connexons. B) receptors. C) desmosomes. D) sodium channels. E) synapsins.

A) connexons.

What is the function of the facial nerves (VII) A) controls muscles of the face B) tongue control C) taste D) voluntary swallowing E) eye movement

A) controls muscles of the face

A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex. A) corneal B) tympanic C) auditory D) vestibulo-ocular E) consensual

A) corneal

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the A) cortex B) pia matter C) reticular formation D) arbor vitae E) cerebral medulla

A) cortex

Identify the structure labeled 7. A) dura mater B) lateral ventricle C) fourth ventricle D) subarachnoid space E) filum terminale

A) dura mater

There are ______ cervical spinal nerves A) eight B) twelve C) six D) five E) fourteen

A) eight

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) aponeurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium.

A) endoneurium.

Facial expressions is regulated by the A) facial nerve B) vagus nerve C) abducens nerve D) trigeminal nerve E) accessory nerve

A) facial nerve

How many coccygeal nerves?

1 pair (Co1)

how many thoracic spinal nerves

12 (T1-T12)

Which of the following is responsible for problem solving skills? A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) autonomic nervous system E) none of the above

A) central nervous system

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) afferent D) somatic E) autonomic

D) somatic

how many sacrum nerves

5

how many lumbar spinal nerves

5 (L1-L5)

how many cervical spinal nerves

8 (C1-C8)

Which area of the graph shows when passive depolarization is occurring? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

A) 1

_______ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read. A) Aphasia B) Ataxia C) Apraxia D) Bell palsy E) all of the above

A) Aphasia

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate? A) It would last indefinitely. B) It would be much briefer. C) It would be basically unaffected.

A) It would last indefinitely.

________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) none of the above

A) Multipolar

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of A) Parkinson disease. B) rabies. C) Alzheimer disease. D) myasthenia gravis. E) tetanus.

A) Parkinson disease.

Mielinated axons contain A) Schwann cells B) foot processes C) nissl bodies D) the soma E) the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A) Schwann cells

Which of the following statements about the action potential is false? A) The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions. B) During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open. C) During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive. D) In the after-hyperpolarization phase, membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential. E) None of these statements is falseall are true.

A) The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.

The obturator nerve is distributed to the A) adductors of the hip. B) skin over the perineum. C) extensors of the hip. D) skin over buttocks. E) biceps femoris.

A) adductors of the hip.

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

A) anaxonic.

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they A) are arranged according to dermatomes. B) are intersegmental in distribution. C) involve reciprocal innervation. D) have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. E) involve pools of interneurons.

A) are arranged according to dermatomes.

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) secrete pituitary hormones. C) secrete melatonin. D) receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. E) both B and C

A) are part of the limbic system.

A neuroglia cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the A) astrocyte B) microglial cell C) oligodendrocytes D) ependymal cells E) macrophages

A) astrocyte

The largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS are the A) astrocytes. B) ependymal cells. C) microglia. D) oligodendrocytes. E) none of the above

A) astrocytes.

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

A) astrocytes.

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as A) ataxia. B) aphasia. C) dysphagia. D) A or C E) B or C

A) ataxia.

At the optic chiasm A) axons from the nasal halves of each retina cross. B) axons from the temporal halves of each retina cross. C) axons from the retinae synapse on those from the other half. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) axons from the nasal halves of each retina cross. (lets you see)

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

A) axons of motor neurons.

The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons

A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.

If the chemically gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked, A) synaptic transmission would fail. B) release of neurotransmitter would stop. C) smaller action potentials would result. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C

A) synaptic transmission would fail.

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as A) telodendria. B) knobs. C) collaterals. D) dendrites. E) synapses.

A) telodendria.

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except A) the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase. B) the neuron will slowly depolarize. C) the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials. D) the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal. E) the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.

A) the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.

Chemical synapses are characterized by A) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal B) protein channels that connect the pre- and postsynaptic cells C) the presence of receptors of neurotransmitters on the presynaptic terminal D) receptors located only on the presynaptic terminal

A) the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

Which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speed of impulse propagation? A) type A B) type B C) type C D) type D E) type E

A) type A

Sensory neurons of the PNS are A) unipolar. B) bipolar. C) anaxonic. D) multipolar. E) tripolar.

A) unipolar.

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory ? A) vestibulocochlear (III) B) hypoglossal (XII) C) trochlear (IV) D) facial (VI) D) trigeminal (V)

A) vestibulocochlear (III)

What is the function of the Optic nerve (II) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement

A) vision

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord form the A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus. E) dermatomes.

A) white rami communicantes.

The equilibrium potential for potassium ion occurs at approximately A) —90 mV. B) —70 mV. C) +66 mV. D) 0 mV. E) C or D

A) —90 mV

________ carry sensory information to the CNS.

Afferent neurons

Which of the following associations is incorrect? A) 8 cervical spinal nerves B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D) 5 sacral spinal nerves E) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves

Which area of the graph occurs when there is a sudden inrush of sodium ions? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

B) 2

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. 1.Chemically gated sodium channels on the post synaptic membrane are activated. 2.Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob. 3.Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine. 4.An action potential depolarizes the synaptic knob at the presynaptic membrane. 5.The synaptic knob reabsorbs choline. 6.Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 7.Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the post synaptic membrane. 8.Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob. The correct sequence for these events is A) 4, 2, 6, 7, 8, 5, 3, 1. B) 4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5. C) 2,4,6,7,1,8,3,5. D) 2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3. E) 6, 4, 2, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.

B) 4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5.

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell ,initiating repolarization. 3.Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4.A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold. 5.A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6.Sodium channel activation occurs. 7.Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. The proper sequence of these events is A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1. B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5. C) 6,7,4,1,2,3,5. D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5. E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) none of the above

B) Anaxonic

_______ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve. A) Cerebral palsy B) Bell palsy C) Addison disease D) any of the above E) A or B

B) Bell palsy

Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neurons resting potential? A) Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell. B) Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell. C) Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out of the cell. D) Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell. E) Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell.

B) Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are A) I, II, and III. B) III, IV, and VI. C) II, III, and IV. D) II and VI. E) III and V.

B) III, IV, and VI.

________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as speech. A) Frontal B) Integrative C) Communication D) Terminal E) Vocal

B) Integrative

________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS. A) Visceral sensory B) Sensory C) Neural sensory D) Somatic sensory E) none of the above

B) Sensory

If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential? A) The inside of the membrane will become more positive. B) The inside of the membrane will become more negative. C) There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential. D) The membrane will become depolarized. E) both B and D

B) The inside of the membrane will become more negative.

What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve (XII) A) vision B) tongue control C) taste D) voluntary swallowing E) eye movement

B) Tongue control

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? A) a monosynaptic reflex B) a polysynaptic reflex

B) a polysynaptic reflex

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated A) motor. B) afferent. C) efferent. D) autonomic. E) somatic.

B) afferent.

The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

he white matter of the cerebellum forms the A) flocculonodular lobe. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.

B) arbor vitae.

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) A) are local depolarizations. B) are local hyperpolarizations. C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions. D) block the efflux of potassium ions. E) block the efflux of calcium ions.

B) are local hyperpolarizations.

The cells that cover the outer surfaces of CNS endothelial cells are the A) blastocytes. B) astrocytes. C) monocytes. D) leukocytes. E) lymphocytes.

B) astrocytes.

13) The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

B) axons of sensory neurons.

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are A) unipolar B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudopolar E) monopolar

B) bipolar

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic

B) brachial

Identify the structure labeled 10. A) arbor vitae B) central canal C) corpus callosum D) pons E) diencephalon

B) central canal

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except A) maintaining the blood-brain barrier. B) conducting action potentials. C) guiding neuron development. D) responding to neural tissue damage. E) forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

B) conducting action potentials.

The medial nuclei of the thalamus A) are part of the limbic system. B) connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe. C) produce the hormone oxytocin. D) process visual information. E) process olfactory information.

B) connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe.

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus. A) epididymal B) ependymal C) appended D) both A and B E) both B and C

B) ependymal

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the A) dural sinus. B) falx cerebri. C) tentorium cerebelli. D) falx cerebelli. E) choroid plexus.

B) falx cerebri.

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina D) dorsal root E) ventral root

B) filum terminale

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the A) formation of myelin sheaths. B) formation of cerebrospinal fluid. C) formation of ganglia. D) repair of axons. E) transport of neurotransmitters within axons.

B) formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

The central sulcus separates the A) two parietal lobes B) frontal and parietal lobes C) occipital and temporal lobes D) temporal and frontal lobes E) pariteal and occipital lobes

B) frontal and parietal lobes

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system? A) contains cerebral and diencephalic components B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather C) located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon D) links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem E) functions in emotions, learning, and memory

B) functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve are A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus. E) dermatomes.

B) gray rami communicantes.

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.

B) horns.

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected? A) glossopharyngeal B) hypoglossal C) vagus D) spinal accessory E) trigeminal

B) hypoglossal

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative

B) innate

During the absolute refractory period, the cell A) generates many local potentials B) is insensitive for further simulation C) responds to even weak stimuli D) reverses the direction of the action potential E) is very sensitive

B) is insensitive for further simulation

he optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the A) pulvinar. B) lateral geniculates. C) medial geniculates. D) supraoptic nuclei. E) paraventricular nuclei.

B) lateral geniculates.

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. A) right frontal B) left frontal C) right temporal D) left temporal

B) left frontal

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia? A) support B) memory C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid D) maintenance of blood-brain barrier E) phagocytosis

B) memory

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) serotonin. E) GABA.

B) norepinephrine.

What is the function of the Olfactory Nerve (I) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement

B) olfaction

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) mesencephalon. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus.

B) pons.

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the A) insula. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) arcuate gyrus. E) corpus callosum.

B) precentral gyrus.

The regions of the mesencephalon that issue subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone are the A) tecta. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.

B) red nuclei.

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via A) anterograde axoplasmic transport. B) retrograde axoplasmic transport. C) blood vessels. D) subcutaneous connective tissue. E) cerebrospinal fluid.

B) retrograde axoplasmic transport.

Which of the following are a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? A) astrocytes B) satellite cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) ependymal cells

B) satellite cells

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

B) satellite cells.

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral

B) sciatic

A Neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)_______ A) motor neuron B) sensory or afferent neuron C) efferent neuron D) association neuron E) interneuron

B) sensory or afferent neuron

The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the A) falx cerebri. B) septum pellucidum. C) septum insula. D) interventricular foramina. E) cerebral aqueduct.

B) septum pellucidum.

Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is A) longer. B) shorter. C) the same length. D) A, B, or C, depending on age E) A or C, depending on age

B) shorter.

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

B) somatic motor nuclei.

The central nervous system includes A). ganglia B) spinal cord C) spinal nerves D) cranial nerves E) sensory receptors

B) spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) filum terminale. B) subarachnoid space. C) dura mater. D) pia mater. E) arachnoid mater.

B) subarachnoid space.

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? A) spatial summation B) temporal summation C) inhibition of the impulse D) hyperpolarization E) decrease in speed of impulse transmission

B) temporal summation

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

B) tendon

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) pons D) medulla oblongata E) cerebellum

B) thalamus

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because A) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons. B) the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier. C) the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules. D) ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons. E) astrocytes form a capsule around neurons.

B) the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

If the axon terminal of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion, A) the neuron will fire an action potential. B) the motor end plate will be depolarized. C) the motor end plate will be hyperpolarized. D) neurotransmitter release will be blocked. E) the neuron will become unable to stimulate the muscle cell.

B) the motor end plate will be depolarized.

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system A) transmits action potential to sensory organs B) transmits action potentials towards the CNS C) stimulates glands to release hormones D) stimulates muscle contractions E) does not involve sensory receptors

B) transmits action potentials towards the CNS

Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does the dentist numb? A) trochlear B) trigeminal C) facial D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal

B) trigeminal

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are A) apolar B) unipolar C) bipolar D) multipolar E) pseudoplar

B) unipolar

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

B) unipolar.

Which nerve has braces extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera A) facial nerve B) vagus nerve C) trigeminal nerve D) glossopharyngeal nerve E) accessory nerve

B) vagus nerve

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A) why CNS neurons grow such long axons. B) why CNS neurons cannot regenerate. C) the ability of neurons to generate an action potential. D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E) the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.

B) why CNS neurons cannot regenerate.

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves. A) 2 B) 6 C) 12 D) 22 E) 31

C) 12

Which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow exceeds sodium ion inflow? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

C) 3

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A) 20 years. B) 10 years. C) 4 years. D) 6 months. E) 2 months.

C) 4 years.

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules. A) Leak channels B) Activated channels C) Chemically gated channels D) Voltage-gated channels E) both C and D

C) Chemically gated channels

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about A) T6. B) T10. C) L1. D) L5. E) Co1.

C) L1.

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. A) Axons B) Dendrites C) Neuroglia D) Synapses E) Efferent fibers

C) Neuroglia

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it wanders, that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen? A) VIII B) IX C) X D) XI E) XII

C) X

Identify the structure labeled 3. A) arbor vitae B) corpora quadrigemina C) aqueduct of midbrain D) pons E) diencephalon

C) aqueduct of midbrain

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they A) are found within skeletal muscle. B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex. E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

C) are found in tendons.

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? A) the anterior gray horns B) the anterior gray commissures C) ascending tracts D) descending tracts E) the anterior white commissures

C) ascending tracts

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. A) commissural B) sensory C) association D) somesthetic E) processing

C) association

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the A) chemical synapse. B) electrical synapse. C) axon hillock. D) dendritic membrane. E) synaptic knob.

C) axon hillock.

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

C) bipolar.

Spinal nerves are A) purely sensory. B) purely motor. C) both sensory and motor. D) interneuronal. E) involuntary.

C) both sensory and motor.

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) cranial B) cervical C) brachial D) lumbar E) sacral

C) brachial

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the _________ plexus A) sacral B) lumbar C) brachial D) cervical E) radial

C) brachial

The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) magnesium.

C) calcium.

Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they A) can be used to check for motor function B) locate the position of the cranial nerves C) can be used to help located nerve damage D) indicate what muscles are innervated by each spinal nerve E) can be used to detect cranial nerve damage

C) can be used to help located nerve damage

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A) autonomic B) peripheral C) central D) efferent E) afferent

C) central

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe A) insula. B) longitudinal fissure. C) central sulcus. D) lateral sulcus. E) parieto-occipital sulcus

C) central sulcus.

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla oblongata.

C) cerebellum.

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the A) tegmenta. B) corpora quadrigemina. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.

C) cerebral peduncles.

Branches that may occur along an axon are called A) telodendria. B) synaptic knobs. C) collaterals. D) hillocks. E) synapses.

C) collaterals.

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as A) nuclei. B) ganglia. C) columns. D) nerves. E) horns.

C) columns.

The mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus A) regulate lactation. B) secrete oxytocin. C) control feeding reflexes. D) control heart rate and blood pressure. E) secrete antidiuretic hormone.

C) control feeding reflexes.

The peripheral nervous system includes the A) Brain B) spinal cord C) cranial nerves D) blood-brain barrier E) cerebellum

C) cranial nerves

The fact that the right side of the the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the A) division of the cerebrum into two hemispheres B) division of the cerebellum into two hemispheres C) decussation of the pyramids in the medulla D) need for contra-lateral control of body function E) brainstem being below the midbrain

C) decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communicantes B) gray ramus communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatome

C) dorsal ramus

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) arachnoid. B) pia mater. C) dura mater. D) epidural block. E) periosteum.

C) dura mater.

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by A) producing new axons. B) regenerating cell bodies for the neurons. C) forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth. D) clearing away cellular debris. E) producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.

C) forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A) amygdaloid body B) cingulate gyrus C) globus pallidus D) hippocampus E) fornix

C) globus pallidus

Voltage-gated channels are present A) at the motor end plate. B) on the surface of dendrites. C) in the membrane that covers axons. D) on the soma of neurons. E) along the perikaryon of neurons.

C) in the membrane that covers axons.

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in those spinal segments that control the limbs. D) in the thoracic region. E) in the sacral region.

C) in those spinal segments that control the limbs.

The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) A) innervates the larynx B) is involved i the sense of taste C) innervates intrinsic tongue muscles D) transmits sensory information from the abdominal viscera E) controls facial expressions

C) innervates intrinsic tongue muscles

Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels. A) active B) gated C) leak D) regulated E) local

C) leak

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are A) fissures. B) sinuses. C) lobes. D) sulci. E) gyri.

C) lobes.

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve. A) ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal B) maxillary branch of the trigeminal C) mandibular branch of the trigeminal D) glossopharyngeal E) hypoglossal

C) mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Graded potentials A) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation. B) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface. C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization. D) are often all-or-none. E) cause repolarization.

C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

The ________ relay auditory information to the auditory cortex. A) pulvinar B) lateral geniculates C) medial geniculates D) supraoptic nuclei E) paraventricular nuclei

C) medial geniculates

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell C) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions D) membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions E) The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

C) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the A) central canal. B) tentorium cerebelli. C) mesencephalic aqueduct. D) interventricular foramina. E) pontine canal.

C) mesencephalic aqueduct.

The smallest neuroglia of the CNS are the A) astrocytes. B) ependymal cells. C) microglia. D) oligodendrocytes. E) none of the above

C) microglia.

The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the A) superior cerebellar peduncle. B) inferior cerebellar peduncle. C) middle cerebellar peduncle. D) longitudinal fibers. E) obverse fibers.

C) middle cerebellar peduncle.

The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) usually depends on cranial neurons. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

What is the function of the abducens nerve (VI) A) controls muscles of the face B) tongue control C) moves eyes laterally D) voluntary swallowing E) eye movement

C) moves eyes laterally (cross-eyes)

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallel processing.

C) multipolar.

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is A) anaxonic. B) bipolar. C) multipolar. D) pseudopolar. E) unipolar.

C) multipolar.

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

C) oligodendrocytes.

Digestion of food is regulated by the A) sensory divison B) sympathetic division of the ANS C) parasympathetic division of the ANS D) somatic nervous system E) none of the above

C) parasympathetic division of the ANS

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) store memories E) regulate food intake

C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? A) cerebrum B) diencephalon C) prosencephalon D) mesencephalon E) pons

C) prosencephalon

After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic knob A) reabsorbs the acetylcholine. B) reabsorbs the acetate. C) reabsorbs the choline. D) all of the above E) both B and C

C) reabsorbs the choline.

Damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with the reflex ability to A) express rage. B) voluntarily move the arm. C) react to a bright light. D) react to loud noises. E) maintain proper posture.

C) react to a bright light.

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem? A) an intense thirst B) an uncontrolled sex drive C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature D) an insatiable appetite E) production of a large volume of urine

C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. A) lumbar plexus B) femoral plexus C) sacral plexus D) pelvic plexus E) brachial plexus

C) sacral plexus

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial meninges. B) cranial mater C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater. E) epidural membranes.

C) spinal meninges.

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a A) cervical enlargement. B) lumbar enlargement. C) spinal nerve. D) spinal meninx. E) spinal ganglion.

C) spinal nerve.

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) superior and inferior colliculi. D) cerebral peduncles. E) basal ganglia.

C) superior and inferior colliculi.

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the A) jugular veins. B) dural drain. C) superior sagittal sinus. D) tentorium cerebelli . E) frontal sinus.

C) superior sagittal sinus.

The auditory cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

C) temporal lobe.

The subdural space lies between A) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. B) the pia mater and the dura mater. C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) the endosteum and the periosteum.

C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in A) the pons. B) the cerebrum. C) the medulla oblongata. D) the cerebellum. E) all of the above

C) the medulla oblongata.

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system A) is a division of the CNS B) regulates the digestion of food C) transmits impulses from the CNS skeletal muscle D) has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain E) detects stimulus

C) transmits impulses from the CNS skeletal muscle

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused. A) multipolar B) anaxonic C) unipolar D) bipolar E) none of the above

C) unipolar

Absorption at the arachnoid granulations returns CSF to the A) third ventricle. B) arterial circulation. C) venous circulation. D) fourth ventricle. E) central canal.

C) venous circulation.

Neurotransmitter for release is stored in synaptic A) telodendria. B) knobs. C) vesicles. D) mitochondria. E) neurosomes.

C) vesicles.

________ are nerves that connect to the brain.

Cranial nerves

Which part of the neuron can conduct an action potential? A) 1 B) 1 and 2 C) 2and3 D) 3 and 4 E) 3, 4, and 5

D) 3 and 4

At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its Na-K ion exchange pump transports A) 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions. B) 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. C) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions. E) 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.

D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31

D) 31

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) none of the above

D) 4

When is the neuron in the refractory period? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

D) 4

Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

D) 4

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential (2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases (5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter A) 5,2,3,4,1 B) 5,2,3,1,4 C) 5,3,4,1,2 D) 5,4,3,2,1 E) 5,3,2,4,1

D) 5,4,3,2,1

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the bodys neural tissue. A) 15 percent B) 25 percent C) 68 percent D) 97 percent E) none of the above

D) 97 percent

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry? A) hearing B) equilbrium C) atmospheric pressure D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

D) A and B only

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential A) It is more positive than the resting potential. B) Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to close. C) Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to open. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

D) A and C only

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include the A) pulvinar. B) lateral geniculate. C) medial geniculate. D) A, B and C E) B and C only

D) A, B and C

The ventral nuclei of the thalamus A) receive input from basal ganglia. B) receive input from cerebellum. C) receive general sensory input. D) A, B and C. E) B and C only

D) A, B and C.

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs. A) Multipolar B) Anaxonic C) Unipolar D) Bipolar E) none of the above

D) Bipolar

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface. A) Voltage-gated B) Chemically gated C) Active D) Mechanically gated E) Leak

D) Mechanically gated

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called A) neurofilaments. B) neurofibrils. C) perikaryon. D) Nissl bodies. E) microglia.

D) Nissl bodies.

Axons A) contains the nucleus B) are numerous extensions from each neuron C) do not have a trigger zone D) have a distal portion that branches to form the anoxic terminals E) do not have a resting membrane potential

D) have a distal portion that branches to form the anoxic terminals

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons? A) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly. B) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase. C) The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal. D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials. E) None, because the chemically gated sodium channels would still function.

D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron? A) The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters. B) The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials. C) The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic knobs. D) The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon. E) The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

D) The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.

What is the function of the Accessory nerve (XI) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) voluntary swallowing E) eye movement

D) Voluntary swallowing

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration. A) neural B) central C) peripheral D) Wallerian E) conduction

D) Wallerian

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A) norepinephrine. B) adrenalin. C) serotonin. D) acetylcholine. E) GABA.

D) acetylcholine.

Ependymal cells work to A) surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus. B) secrete CSF into the ventricles. C) remove waste products from CSF. D) all of the above E) B and C only

D) all of the above

For which of the following functions do active neurons require a supply of ATP? A) synthesis and reuptake of neurotransmitters B) axoplasmic transport C) powering the sodium-potassium exchange pump D) all of the above E) A and C only

D) all of the above

Higher-order functions A) can be adjusted over time based on experience. B) involve complex interactions among areas of the cortex. C) combine both conscious and unconscious information processing. D) all of the above E) B and C only

D) all of the above

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A) central canal. B) posterior gray horns. C) gray commissures. D) anterior white columns. E) both B and C

D) anterior white columns.

The axon is connected to the soma at the A) telodendria. B) synaptic knobs. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse.

D) axon hillock.

The nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus A) are located in the medulla oblongata. B) relay somatic sensory information to the thalamus. C) pass motor information to the cerebellum. D) both A and B E) A, B, and C

D) both A and B

Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by A) increased extracellular concentration of sodium ion. B) increased extracellular concentration of potassium ion. C) blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane. D) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer. E) temporal summation.

D) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer.

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they A) are automatic motor responses. B) are the simplest form of behavior. C) help preserve homeostasis. D) cannot be modified by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.

D) cannot be modified by the brain.

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses.

D) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebral cortex. D) cerebellar cortex. E) arbor vitae.

D) cerebellar cortex.

The corpus callosum is composed of A) arcuate fibers. B) longitudinal fasciculi. C) association fibers. D) commissural fibers. E) projection fibers.

D) commissural fibers.

The epidural space contains A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) lymph. C) blood. D) connective tissue and blood vessels. E) denticulate ligaments.

D) connective tissue and blood vessels.

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

D) crossed extensor

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon D) diencephalon E) cerebellum

D) diencephalon

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? A) sense the internal and external environments B) integrate sensory information C) coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities D) direct long-term functions, such as growth E) control peripheral effectors

D) direct long-term functions, such as growth

The dural sinuses are located in the A) paranasal cavity. B) arachnoid. C) pia mater. D) dural folds. E) tentorium cerebelli.

D) dural folds.

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium. B) endomysium. C) perineurium. D) epineurium. E) epimysium.

D) epineurium.

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when A) more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. B) more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell. C) chloride ions enter a cell. D) extra sodium ions enter a cell. E) hyperpolarizations occur.

D) extra sodium ions enter a cell.

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the A) first. B) second. C) third. D) fourth. E) lateral.

D) fourth.

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.

D) gray commissures.

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) hearing and balance E) eye movement

D) hearing and balance (equilibrium)

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located? A) prefrontal cortex B) postcentral gyrus C) basal nuclei D) hypothalamus E) reticular formation

D) hypothalamus

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n) A) aqueduct of Sylvius. B) cerebral aqueduct. C) aqueduct of midbrain. D) interventricular foramen. E) medulla oblongata.

D) interventricular foramen.

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the subarachnoid space through the A) interventricular foramina. B) aqueduct of Sylvius. C) dural sinus. D) lateral and median apertures. E) falx cerebri.

D) lateral and median apertures.

The superior border of the temporal lobe is marked by the A) insula. B) longitudinal fissure. C) central sulcus. D) lateral sulcus. E) parieto-occipital sulcus.

D) lateral sulcus.

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal C) abdominal D) leg E) facial

D) leg

The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) spinal cord.

D) medulla oblongata.

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) diencephalon. D) medulla oblongata. E) hear

D) medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum and pons develop from the A) telencephalon. B) diencephalon. C) mesencephalon. D) metencephalon. E) myelencephalon.

D) metencephalon.

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region? A) astrocytes B) satellite cells C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia E) ependymal cells

D) microglia

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

D) microglia.

Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord control all of the following muscles, except those that A) position the pectoral girdle. B) move the arm. C) move the hand and fingers. D) move the neck. E) move the forearm and hand.

D) move the neck.

The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump A) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential. B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization. C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. D) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients. E) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy.

D) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) unmyelinated axons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated axons. E) nodes of Ranvier.

D) myelinated axons.

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) nerve tracts. B) columns. C) meninges D) nerve cell bodies. E) funiculi.

D) nerve cell bodies.

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the A) protoplasm. B) nucleoplasm. C) sarcoplasm. D) neuroplasm. E) perikaryon.

D) neuroplasm.

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called A) intermodes B) tight junctions C) neurofilaments D) nodes of Raniver E) gap junction

D) nodes of Raniver

The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical

D) nuchal

The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

D) occipital lobe.

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the A) medulla. B) thalamus. C) cerebral cortex. D) olfactory bulb. E) olfactory tract.

D) olfactory bulb.

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalis B) lesser occipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic

D) phrenic (breathing)

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) dura mater. B) subarachnoid space. C) arachnoid. D) pia mater. E) choroid plexus.

D) pia mater.

The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and ________. A) insula; parietal lobe B) frontal lobe; temporal lobe C) insula; frontal lobe D) precentral gyrus; prefrontal cortex. E) corpus callosum; fornix

D) precentral gyrus; prefrontal cortex.

Synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters are present in the A) dendrites B) cell body C) axolemma D) presynaptic terminals or anoxic terminals E) trigger zone

D) presynaptic terminals or anoxic terminals

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A) provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues B) provides buoyant support for the brain C) acts as a transport medium for nutrients D) provides ATP for impulse transmission E) acts as a transport medium for waste products

D) provides ATP for impulse transmission

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons? A) anaxonic B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudopolar E) unipolar

D) pseudopolar

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) a crossed extensor reflex. B) a stretch reflex. C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition. E) reverberating circuits.

D) reciprocal inhibition.

Nissl bodies are A) part of a dendrite B) also called gemmules C) lipid droplets D) ribosomes associated with rough endplsamic reticulum E) part of the golgi apparatus

D) ribosomes associated with rough endplsamic reticulum

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of A) potassium ions B) chloride ions C) calcium ions D) sodium ions E) proteins

D) sodium ions

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) cerebral ventricles.

D) subarachnoid space.

The ________ receive visual input from the lateral geniculates. A) substantia nigra B) red nuclei C) cerebral peduncles D) superior colliculi E) inferior colliculi

D) superior colliculi

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) swallowing E) eye movement

D) swallowing

Identify the structure labeled 5. A) axons B) telodendria C) dendritic spines D) synaptic terminals E) axosomata

D) synaptic terminals

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) thalamus. E) cerebellum.

D) thalamus.

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the A) abducens. B) facial. C) vagus. D) trigeminal. E) glossopharyngeal.

D) trigeminal.

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatomes

D) ventral ramus

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus in the walls and roofs of the A) subarachnoid space B) dural sinuses C) fissure of Sylvius D) ventricles of the brain E) subdural space

D) ventricles of the brain

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the A) flocculonodular lobe. B) arbor vitae. C) folia. D) vermis. E) pyramid.

D) vermis.

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A) normal in newborns B) abnormal in adults C) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D) why you close your eyes when you sneeze E) flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

D) why you close your eyes when you sneeze

Dendrites A.) are the input part of the neuron. B.) conduct action potentials away from the cell body. C.) are generally long and unbranched. D.) form synapses with the microglia. E.) contain the trigger zone.

D.) form synapses with the microglia.

Which of the following is (are) true of the epithalamus? A) contains the choroid plexus and pineal gland B) forms the roof of the diencephalon C) processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum D) all of the above E) A and B only

E) A and B only

The region of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) A and C

E) A and C

A neural cortex is found on the surface of the A) cerebral hemispheres. B) pons. C) cerebellum. D) all of the above E) A and C only

E) A and C only

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? A) vagus B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) A, B, and C E) A and C only

E) A and C only

________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior. A) Dyslexia B) Apraxia C) Aphasia D) Parkinson disease E) A seizure

E) A seizure

In the process of continuous action potential propagation, A) the action potential is triggered by graded depolarization of the initial segment. B) at threshold, sodium channels begin to open rapidly. C) local currents depolarize the region just adjacent to the active zone. D) local currents depolarize a sensitive spot distant from the active zone. E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

The cytoskeleton of the perikaryon contains which of the following? A) neurofilaments B) neurofibrils C) neurotubules D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

The pons contains A) sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves. B) nuclei concerned with the control of respiration. C) tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem. D) both B and C E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C

In the process of saltatory action potential propagation, A) the action potential is triggered by graded depolarization of the initial segment. B) at threshold, sodium channels begin to open rapidly. C) local currents depolarize the region just adjacent to the active zone. D) local currents depolarize a sensitive spot distant from the active zone. E) A, B, and D

E) A, B, and D

Which of the following comparisons between neurons and muscle tissue is false? A) Resting potentials are greater in muscle fibers. B) Muscle fibers conduct action potentials at slow speeds. C) Action potentials last longer in muscle fibers. D) Muscle fibers conduct action potentials only by continuous propagation. E) Action potentials are briefer in muscle fibers.

E) Action potentials are briefer in muscle fibers.

Hydrocephalus or water on the brain may A) result from deficient production of cerebrospinal fluid. B) result from excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid. C) result from blockage of circulation of CSF. D) result from excessive water intake. E) B or C

E) B or C

The structures labeled 1 are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically gated ion channels. A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false. B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true. C) Both statements are true. D) Both statements are false. E) Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

E) Both statements are true and relate to synaptic transmission.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. A) Astrocytes B) Satellite cells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Ependymal cells

E) Ependymal cells

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS. A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Unipolar neurons D) Bipolar neurons E) Interneurons

E) Interneurons

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) Schwann cells.

E) Schwann cells.

Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region. E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following? A) the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport B) the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules C) the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport D) the recovery from action potentials E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways? A) through voltage-gated channels as in the action potential B) through passive or leak channels C) by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump D) through chemically-gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following? A) neurotubules B) mitochondria C) vesicles D) neurofibrils E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on A) the frequency of neurotransmitter release. B) the nature of the neurotransmitter. C) the characteristics of the receptors. D) the quantity of neurotransmitters released. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates: A) skeletal muscle cells B) smooth muscle cells C) heart muscle cells D) glandular cells E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following? A) adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid B) guiding neuron development C) maintaining the blood-brain barrier D) repairing damaged neural tissue E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following are properties of cerebrospinal fluid? A) surrounds the brain and spinal cord B) fills the brain ventricles C) transports nutrients D) circulates continuously E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following are types of neuroglia? A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) oligodendrocytes E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following help to protect the brain? A) the blood-brain barrier B) the bones of the skull C) the cranial meninges D) the CSF E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a function of neuroglia? A) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid B) provide a supportive framework C) produce cerebrospinal fluid D) act as phagocytes E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? A) produces ADH B) controls autonomic centers C) regulates body temperature D) secretes oxytocin E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier? A) The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. B) It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds. C) Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries. D) It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is a property of the mamillary bodies? A) control reflex eating movements B) process olfactory information C) located in posterior hypothalamus D) shaped like little breasts E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve. D) tract. E) plexus.

E) plexus.

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? A) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. B) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. C) It can be difficult to achieve in the upper cervical and midthoracic region. D) It provides mainly sensory anesthesia. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential. A) a voltage-gated B) a chemically gated C) a sodium D) a mechanically gated E) any of the above

E) any of the above

Identify the structure labeled 8. A) pia mater B) dura mater C) corpus callosum D) ventricles E) arachnoid granulation

E) arachnoid granulation

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form A) dorsal rami. B) ventral rami. C) white rami. D) gray rami. E) autonomic nerves.

E) autonomic nerves.

Which type of membrane channels are found at label 3? A) voltage-gated Na+ channels B) voltage-gated K+ channels C) chemically gated Na+ and K+ channels D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels E) both A and B

E) both A and B

If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases, A) the membrane potential will depolarize. B) the membrane potential will hyperpolarize. C) inward movement of sodium ion will increase. D) outward movement of sodium ion will decrease. E) both A and C

E) both A and C

The medulla oblongata regulates A) blood pressure. B) food intake. C) respiration. D) both A and B E) both A and C

E) both A and C

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become A) more complex. B) simpler. C) better understood. D) less crucial to visceral functions. E) both A and D

E) both A and D

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased positive charge inside the membrane. E) both A and D

E) both A and D

Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have which effect? A) depolarize it B) hyperpolarize it C) increase the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential D) decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential E) both A and D

E) both A and D

The stretch reflex A) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex. B) is important in regulating muscle length. C) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ. D) is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens. E) both B and D

E) both B and D

Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to peripheral structures. A) motor B) sensory C) motor AND sensory D) motor OR sensory E) both C and D

E) both C and D

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function? A) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis B) interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake C) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation D) block neurotransmitter binding to receptors E) change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane

E) change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of A) cranial nerve I B) cranial nerve II C) cranial nerve X D) cranial nerve IV E) cranial nerve IX

E) cranial nerve IX

The thickest of the meninges is the A) pia mater B) arachnoid matter C) subdural space E) subarachnoid space E) dura mater

E) dura mater

Overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the A) astrocyte B) microglial cell C) oligodendrocytes D) macrophages E) ependymal cells

E) ependymal cells

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement

E) eye movement

What is the function of the Trochlear nerves (IV) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eye movement

E) eye movement (moves they eyes up and at an angle)

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. A) cerebellum B) medulla oblongata C) cerebrum D) pons E) hypothalamus

E) hypothalamus

The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the A) substantia nigra. B) red nuclei. C) cerebral peduncles. D) superior colliculi. E) inferior colliculi.

E) inferior colliculi.

A neuron that carried action potentials from one neuron to another is called a(n)_____ A) motor neuron B) sensory neuron C) afferent neuron D) efferent neuron E) interneuron

E) interneuron

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in A) loss of the structural framework of the brain. B) a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. C) inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an injury. D) decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid. E) loss of sensation and motor control.

E) loss of sensation and motor control.

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called A) anaxonic. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

E) multipolar.

Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n) A) skeletal muscle cell. B) smooth muscle cell. C) endocrine gland cell. D) exocrine gland cell. E) nerve cell.

E) nerve cell.

When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all these effects are possible, except A) a decrease in blood flow. B) the axon becomes inexcitable. C) action potentials are generated spontaneously. D) glial cells degenerate. E) neurons are triggered to divide.

E) neurons are triggered to divide.

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the A) prefrontal cortex. B) postcentral gyrus. C) cerebral nuclei. D) limbic system. E) occipital lobe.

E) occipital lobe.

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the A) radial. B) median. C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous. E) phrenic.

E) phrenic.

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. B) output to visceral organs would be blocked. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.

E) sensory input would be blocked.

There are _____ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities entire and leave A) two B) three C) four D) five E) six

E) six

The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the A) telodendria. B) synaptic knob. C) collateral. D) hillock. E) synapse.

E) synapse.

When you walk up behind someone and tap their right shoulder, they will reflexively A) raise their arms B) hit you C) Turn their head toward the left D) sneeze E) turn their head toward the right

E) turn their head toward the right

What is the function of the Vagus nerve (X) A) movement of the tongue B) facial expression C) vision D) taste E) visceral sensation and motor control

E) visceral sensation and motor control (autonomic control of organs)

Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted? A) length of the axon B) presence or absence of a myelin sheath C) diameter of the axon D) presence or absence of nodes E) whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

E) whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except A) their development. B) where information processing occurs. C) the motor response. D) the complexity of the neural circuit. E) whether they are sensory or motor.

E) whether they are sensory or motor.

________ carry motor information to peripheral effectors.

Efferent neurons

________ provide information about the external environment.

Exteroceptors

________ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Interoceptors

________ monitor the internal environment.

Interoceptors

________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.

Proprioceptors

________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.

Somatic

The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

afferent

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.

autonomic

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the ________.

axolemma

The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm.

cervical

8) A movement of charges in response to a potential difference is called a ________.

current

The ________ division carries motor commands to muscles and glands.

efferent

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.

neuron

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a(n) ________.

plexus

The separation of plus and negative charges across the membrane creates a ________ difference, or voltage.

potential

The neural wiring of a single reflex is called a(n) ________.

reflex arc