A&P 1 final exam study guide

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward

2, 1, 4, 3

Toya stepped on a tack while barefoot. It pierced all the way into the dermis. Through which strata of the epidermis did the tack pierce, from superficial to deep? 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum corneum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum spinosum

2, 4, 3, 5, 1

Which joint is highlighted?

acromioclavicular

Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________.

an osteon (Haversian system)

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

Ependymal cells

The epimysium is represented by ________.

Label A

The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.

Label B

Which region is associated with the lower ribs?

Label B

The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________.

Label C

The perimysium wraps a fascicle of muscle cells and is represented by ________.

Label C

Which letter represents a carbohydrate polymer?

Label C

The H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by ________.

Label D

The gland that produces sweat is indicated by ________.

Label E

The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by ________.

Label F

The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________.

Label H

The fibula is indicated by ________.

Label X

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells?

Stratum corneum

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

Thalamus

Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?

Transitional epithelium

Which of the following describes a change from the resting membrane potential?

a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potential

What is an action of the highlighted muscle?

arm extension at shoulder

It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?

astrocytes

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?

astrocytes

Which of the following is common to all elements?

atoms

A body part that is considered lateral is understood to be ________.

away from the midline of the body

The conducting region of the neuron is the _______.

axon

Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________.

axon terminals of the motor neuron

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

both somatic and sensory

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

What function do the arrector pili muscles serve?

connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

The pelvic girdle does NOT include the ________.

femur

The highlighted fibers are produced by what cell type?

fibroblast

What is an action of the highlighted muscle?

flexion of leg at knee

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

found in the retina of the eye

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?

generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body

Which structure is highlighted?

hair follicle

Where does hair growth occur?

hair matrix

Which tissue type is highlighted?

hyaline cartilage

The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the ________ region.

hypogastric (pubic)

Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the entire leg?

iliopsoas and rectus femoris

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

What is the main function of the quadriceps group?

knee extension

The channels that provide for the movement of potassium in the resting neuron are _______.

leakage

The typical concentration of sodium is _______.

lower than potassium intracellularly.

The organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus is the ________.

lysosome

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

What does not describe a reflex?

multidirectional

Irritability and conductivity are the two major functional characteristics of ________.

nervous tissue

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ________.

papillary layer of the dermis

Gustatory (taste) area.

parietal lobe

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

perineurium

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

pituitary gland

The membrane shown in Figure 4.2 is a ________.

pleura, a serous membrane

Identify the highlighted structure.

posterior arch

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

simple cuboidal epithelium

Which epithelial type is highlighted?

simple squamous epithelium

An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.

sodium

Establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the _______.

sodium-potassium pump

Identify the highlighted layer.

stratum granulosum

Which layer is highlighted?

stratum spinosum

People who wear antiperspirant with deodorant are trying to reduce the secretions of the ________.

sudoriferous glands

What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?

A bands and I bands

Select the environment that is most likely to produce an action potential in a neuron.

A depolarizing neuron

Which of the following terms indicates a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted?

Action potential

What part of the neuron releases vesicles containing neurotransmitters?

Axon terminals

Consists entirely of interneuron cell bodies

B. dorsal horn

The acromial region is ________ to the antebrachial region.

superior (proximal)

The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________.

synaptic cleft

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

synaptic cleft

The highlighted structure articulates with which of the following bones?

talus

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Site of somatic motor neuron cell bodies.

C. ventral horn

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

Calcium

Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?

Calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments.

Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, and then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?

Cerebellum

In lab, you find a vertebra with foramina situated in the transverse processes. Which type of vertebrae must this be?

Cervical

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell?

Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

Site of sensory neuron cell bodies.

E. dorsal root ganglion

Site of autonomic motor neuron cell bodies.

D. lateral horn

Julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured?

Diaphysis

If someone sitting at the other end of a bar is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of the smoke away from its source?

Diffusion

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which of these internal body cavities is the most inferior?

Pelvic cavity

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.

Pia

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Which of the following contains chemicals that kill bacteria and prevent bacterial invasions of the skin?

Sebum

After repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

Sodium

What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?

Sodium ions

Identify the highlighted openings.

carotid canal

What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

central sulcus

Identify the highlighted cells.

chrondrocytes

During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads bind actin filaments to form ________.

cross bridges

The only dry membrane is the ________.

cutaneous membrane

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.

cytoplasm

Tendons and ligaments are classified as ________.

dense connective (fibrous) tissue

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal cells