A&P 1 final exam study guide
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward
2, 1, 4, 3
Toya stepped on a tack while barefoot. It pierced all the way into the dermis. Through which strata of the epidermis did the tack pierce, from superficial to deep? 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum corneum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum spinosum
2, 4, 3, 5, 1
Which joint is highlighted?
acromioclavicular
Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________.
an osteon (Haversian system)
Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
The epimysium is represented by ________.
Label A
The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by ________.
Label B
Which region is associated with the lower ribs?
Label B
The myofilament composed of actin is indicated by ________.
Label C
The perimysium wraps a fascicle of muscle cells and is represented by ________.
Label C
Which letter represents a carbohydrate polymer?
Label C
The H zone, located within the A band, lacks thin filaments and is represented by ________.
Label D
The gland that produces sweat is indicated by ________.
Label E
The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by ________.
Label F
The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________.
Label H
The fibula is indicated by ________.
Label X
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells?
Stratum corneum
What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?
Thalamus
Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?
Transitional epithelium
Which of the following describes a change from the resting membrane potential?
a receptor potential, a synaptic potential or an action potential
What is an action of the highlighted muscle?
arm extension at shoulder
It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?
astrocytes
The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?
astrocytes
Which of the following is common to all elements?
atoms
A body part that is considered lateral is understood to be ________.
away from the midline of the body
The conducting region of the neuron is the _______.
axon
Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________.
axon terminals of the motor neuron
Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.
both somatic and sensory
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
What function do the arrector pili muscles serve?
connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue
The pelvic girdle does NOT include the ________.
femur
The highlighted fibers are produced by what cell type?
fibroblast
What is an action of the highlighted muscle?
flexion of leg at knee
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
found in the retina of the eye
Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?
generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body
Which structure is highlighted?
hair follicle
Where does hair growth occur?
hair matrix
Which tissue type is highlighted?
hyaline cartilage
The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the ________ region.
hypogastric (pubic)
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the entire leg?
iliopsoas and rectus femoris
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
infundibulum
What is the main function of the quadriceps group?
knee extension
The channels that provide for the movement of potassium in the resting neuron are _______.
leakage
The typical concentration of sodium is _______.
lower than potassium intracellularly.
The organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus is the ________.
lysosome
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain, medulla, and pons
What does not describe a reflex?
multidirectional
Irritability and conductivity are the two major functional characteristics of ________.
nervous tissue
The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.
nodes of Ranvier
Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ________.
papillary layer of the dermis
Gustatory (taste) area.
parietal lobe
The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.
perineurium
The hypothalamus regulates the ________.
pituitary gland
The membrane shown in Figure 4.2 is a ________.
pleura, a serous membrane
Identify the highlighted structure.
posterior arch
Which epithelial type is highlighted?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which epithelial type is highlighted?
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which epithelial type is highlighted?
simple squamous epithelium
An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.
sodium
Establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the _______.
sodium-potassium pump
Identify the highlighted layer.
stratum granulosum
Which layer is highlighted?
stratum spinosum
People who wear antiperspirant with deodorant are trying to reduce the secretions of the ________.
sudoriferous glands
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?
A bands and I bands
Select the environment that is most likely to produce an action potential in a neuron.
A depolarizing neuron
Which of the following terms indicates a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted?
Action potential
What part of the neuron releases vesicles containing neurotransmitters?
Axon terminals
Consists entirely of interneuron cell bodies
B. dorsal horn
The acromial region is ________ to the antebrachial region.
superior (proximal)
The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________.
synaptic cleft
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.
synaptic cleft
The highlighted structure articulates with which of the following bones?
talus
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Site of somatic motor neuron cell bodies.
C. ventral horn
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?
Calcium
Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments.
Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, and then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?
Cerebellum
In lab, you find a vertebra with foramina situated in the transverse processes. Which type of vertebrae must this be?
Cervical
When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell?
Chemically gated sodium channels will open.
Site of sensory neuron cell bodies.
E. dorsal root ganglion
Site of autonomic motor neuron cell bodies.
D. lateral horn
Julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured?
Diaphysis
If someone sitting at the other end of a bar is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of the smoke away from its source?
Diffusion
Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which of these internal body cavities is the most inferior?
Pelvic cavity
The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.
Pia
What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?
Schwann cells
Which of the following contains chemicals that kill bacteria and prevent bacterial invasions of the skin?
Sebum
After repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?
Sodium
What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?
Sodium ions
Identify the highlighted openings.
carotid canal
What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
Identify the highlighted cells.
chrondrocytes
During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads bind actin filaments to form ________.
cross bridges
The only dry membrane is the ________.
cutaneous membrane
Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.
cytoplasm
Tendons and ligaments are classified as ________.
dense connective (fibrous) tissue
These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
ependymal cells