A&P 1 Midterm

Patellar retinacula (medial and lateral) anteriorly

-portions of tendons fused from quadriceps femoris muscle - strengthen anterior portion of joint

the knee joint has 4 bursae

1. Superficial infrapatellar 2. Suprapatellar 3. Prepatellar 4. Deep infrapatellar

pectoral girdle

2 clavicles and 2 scapulae

Instep

5 metatarsal bones -cuboid, navicular, calcaneus, talus, cuneiform

vertebral column

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Limb buds are visible at

7 weeks of development

squamous suture

Between parietal and temporal bones

Cartilaginous joints

Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

supraspinous ligament

Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)

spongy bone

Contains trabeculae/flat plates of bone surround by bone marrow.

Periosteum

Covers the outside of bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone; contains mainly spongy bone covered by compact bone

Symphyses (Cartilaginous Joint)

Fibrocartilage sandwiched between hyaline cartilage

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone. Normal Haversian system bone.

axial skeleton

Lies around body's center; supports the head, neck, back, and chest; consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage ribs and sternum.

Temporal bone has four regions

Squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

Clubfoot

a fixed congenital defect of the ankle and foot; corrected without surgery

A typical lumbar vertebra has

a short, rounded spinous process

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

greater sciatic notch

allows blood vessels and sciatic nerve to pass into the leg

Obtruator foramen

allows passage of muscles and nerves

Foot

ankle, instep, & 5 toes.

Characteristics of synovial joints

articular capsule- creates joint cavity Synovial membrane- lines inner surface of joint cavity & secretes synovial fluid reducing friction articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage covers surfaces of articulating bones Articular capsule- reinforced with ligaments

first two vertebrae

atlas and axis

True ribs are ________.

attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Function of joint

based on amount of movement at the joint

structure of joint

based on presence of connective tissue or cavity between bones

syndesmoses (fibrous joint)

bones connected by short connective tissue fibers but don't interlock

fibrous joints

bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present; immovable

synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)

bony parts are united by hyaline cartilage

___________ is a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity situated in places in tissues to prevent friction damage.

bursa

Lateral and medial menisci

cartilage pad that helps cushion the knee joint.

______________ is the circular or conical movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint.

circumduction

anterior longitudinal ligament

connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

elastic cartilage

contains elastic fibers and found in the pinna.

hyaline cartilage

contains large amounts of collage and is found in articular cartilage. Found in the trachea.

Fibrocartilage

contains lines of fibroblasts and thick collagen fibers. Found in vertebral discs of the spinal column.

marrow cavity (medullary cavity)

contains yellow bone marrow/fat in adult and red bone marrow in infants

Q angle

degree of angle when measureing from midpatella to ASIS and tibial tubercle. normal q angle is 13 degrees for man and 18 degrees for a woman.

lordosis

excessive curvature of the lumbar spine

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the upper thoracic.

Lower limb

femur, tibia, fibula, and foot bones

3 types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

medial and lateral knee ligaments

fibular collateral ligament and tibial collateral ligament

___________ referes to a bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint.

flexion

_____________ is any of the soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of a fetus or an infant.

fontanel

Osteoporosis

gradual loss of bone density

the sternum

has the sternal angle between the manubrium and the body.

______________ refers to the formation of blood or of blood cells in the living body.

hematopoiesis

Joint functions

hold bones together, allow for flexibility for movement

Skeletal cartilages

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

The bony openings of the skull include the ________.

hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

os coxae contains

illium, ischium, and pubis

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

The vertebrae is separated by...

intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage.

Sutures (fibrous joint)

irregular edges of bone interlock and are bound by very short connective tissue fibers

synovial joints

joined by a fluid containing cavity

Largest joint in the body

knee joint

A typical vertebra has

lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

articular cartilage

layer of hyaline cartilage which cushions ends of articulating bones.

In anatomy, a ____________is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bone.

ligament

appendicular skeleton

limbs

Endosteum

lines the shaft; contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Bone Classification

long, short, flat, irregular

connective tissue

made of cells, matrix, and intracellular fibers.

pelvic girdle

made of two os coxae, sacrum, and coccyx

Sternum consists of

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Odontoid process of axis

nodding no

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

nuchal ligament

posterior knee ligaments

oblique popliteal and arcuate popliteal

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the

occipital bone

lamboid structure

parietal and occipital bones meet posteriorly

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?

parietal bone

optic foramina (canal) - sphenoid bone

passage of optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries.

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

epiphyseal line

remnant of epiphyseal plate

carpal bones

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

crista galli of ethmoid bone

secure brain in cranial cavity

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the

sella turcica

semilunar notch

separates the coronoid process and olecranon process at the proximal end of the ulna allowing the arm to bend.

Diaphysis

shaft of bone; contains compact bone

The bony thorax consists of

sternum, 12 ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

____________ is rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward.

supination

Function of bones

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

3 types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

2 types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses and symphyses

The synovial membrane secretes __________ which serves to lubricate the joint.

synovial fluid

The ____________ is the inner lining of tissue that covers inside an articulation.

synovial membrane

blow to lateral side of knee will cause 3 injuries

tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of anterior cruciate ligament

Gomphoses (fibrous joint)

teeth secured in a bony sock by short periodontal ligament.

coronal suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

irregular bones

vertebrae and facial bones

herniated intervertebral disk

weakening of annulus fibrosis