A&P 1 Midterm
Patellar retinacula (medial and lateral) anteriorly
-portions of tendons fused from quadriceps femoris muscle - strengthen anterior portion of joint
the knee joint has 4 bursae
1. Superficial infrapatellar 2. Suprapatellar 3. Prepatellar 4. Deep infrapatellar
pectoral girdle
2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
Instep
5 metatarsal bones -cuboid, navicular, calcaneus, talus, cuneiform
vertebral column
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Limb buds are visible at
7 weeks of development
squamous suture
Between parietal and temporal bones
Cartilaginous joints
Bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity
tendon
Connects muscle to bone
supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
spongy bone
Contains trabeculae/flat plates of bone surround by bone marrow.
Periosteum
Covers the outside of bone
Epiphysis
End of a long bone; contains mainly spongy bone covered by compact bone
Symphyses (Cartilaginous Joint)
Fibrocartilage sandwiched between hyaline cartilage
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone. Normal Haversian system bone.
axial skeleton
Lies around body's center; supports the head, neck, back, and chest; consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage ribs and sternum.
Temporal bone has four regions
Squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
flat bones
These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
Clubfoot
a fixed congenital defect of the ankle and foot; corrected without surgery
A typical lumbar vertebra has
a short, rounded spinous process
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
greater sciatic notch
allows blood vessels and sciatic nerve to pass into the leg
Obtruator foramen
allows passage of muscles and nerves
Foot
ankle, instep, & 5 toes.
Characteristics of synovial joints
articular capsule- creates joint cavity Synovial membrane- lines inner surface of joint cavity & secretes synovial fluid reducing friction articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage covers surfaces of articulating bones Articular capsule- reinforced with ligaments
first two vertebrae
atlas and axis
True ribs are ________.
attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
Function of joint
based on amount of movement at the joint
structure of joint
based on presence of connective tissue or cavity between bones
syndesmoses (fibrous joint)
bones connected by short connective tissue fibers but don't interlock
fibrous joints
bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present; immovable
synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint)
bony parts are united by hyaline cartilage
___________ is a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity situated in places in tissues to prevent friction damage.
bursa
Lateral and medial menisci
cartilage pad that helps cushion the knee joint.
______________ is the circular or conical movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint.
circumduction
anterior longitudinal ligament
connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies
elastic cartilage
contains elastic fibers and found in the pinna.
hyaline cartilage
contains large amounts of collage and is found in articular cartilage. Found in the trachea.
Fibrocartilage
contains lines of fibroblasts and thick collagen fibers. Found in vertebral discs of the spinal column.
marrow cavity (medullary cavity)
contains yellow bone marrow/fat in adult and red bone marrow in infants
Q angle
degree of angle when measureing from midpatella to ASIS and tibial tubercle. normal q angle is 13 degrees for man and 18 degrees for a woman.
lordosis
excessive curvature of the lumbar spine
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the upper thoracic.
Lower limb
femur, tibia, fibula, and foot bones
3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
medial and lateral knee ligaments
fibular collateral ligament and tibial collateral ligament
___________ referes to a bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint.
flexion
_____________ is any of the soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of a fetus or an infant.
fontanel
Osteoporosis
gradual loss of bone density
the sternum
has the sternal angle between the manubrium and the body.
______________ refers to the formation of blood or of blood cells in the living body.
hematopoiesis
Joint functions
hold bones together, allow for flexibility for movement
Skeletal cartilages
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
The bony openings of the skull include the ________.
hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
os coxae contains
illium, ischium, and pubis
Osteoarthritis
inflammation of the bone and joint
The vertebrae is separated by...
intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage.
Sutures (fibrous joint)
irregular edges of bone interlock and are bound by very short connective tissue fibers
synovial joints
joined by a fluid containing cavity
Largest joint in the body
knee joint
A typical vertebra has
lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process
articular cartilage
layer of hyaline cartilage which cushions ends of articulating bones.
In anatomy, a ____________is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bone.
ligament
appendicular skeleton
limbs
Endosteum
lines the shaft; contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Bone Classification
long, short, flat, irregular
connective tissue
made of cells, matrix, and intracellular fibers.
pelvic girdle
made of two os coxae, sacrum, and coccyx
Sternum consists of
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Odontoid process of axis
nodding no
Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
nuchal ligament
posterior knee ligaments
oblique popliteal and arcuate popliteal
The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the
occipital bone
lamboid structure
parietal and occipital bones meet posteriorly
Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?
parietal bone
optic foramina (canal) - sphenoid bone
passage of optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries.
types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
epiphyseal line
remnant of epiphyseal plate
carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
crista galli of ethmoid bone
secure brain in cranial cavity
Parts of the sphenoid bone include the
sella turcica
semilunar notch
separates the coronoid process and olecranon process at the proximal end of the ulna allowing the arm to bend.
Diaphysis
shaft of bone; contains compact bone
The bony thorax consists of
sternum, 12 ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
____________ is rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward.
supination
Function of bones
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
2 types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
The synovial membrane secretes __________ which serves to lubricate the joint.
synovial fluid
The ____________ is the inner lining of tissue that covers inside an articulation.
synovial membrane
blow to lateral side of knee will cause 3 injuries
tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of anterior cruciate ligament
Gomphoses (fibrous joint)
teeth secured in a bony sock by short periodontal ligament.
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
irregular bones
vertebrae and facial bones
herniated intervertebral disk
weakening of annulus fibrosis