A&P 1 Test 6

Fractures of the metatarsals can occur when ____. Metatarsal fractures are also common among ___ who place full weigh of their body on tips of their toes. Additional forces result from ballet movements.

A heavy object falls or rolls over the foot Dancers, especially female ballerinas

Qudratus plantae is sometimes termed the ___ since that is its action.

Accessory flexor digitorum muscle

The central part of the acetabulum (the ___) is ___ and occupied by a ___. ___ is the true articular surface and lined with ___. The acetabular notch is the ___ and is bridged by the ___. The acetabular labrum is a ___ that increases ___, and grasps the ___.

Acetabular fossa Non-articular Synovial fatpad Lunate surface Hyaline cartilage Inferior part of the acetabulum Transverse ligament Fibrocartilage lip Depth of the acetabulum Femoral head beyond its equator

Sartorius origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___. ___ muscle in body. AKA ___.

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Pes anserine tendon at upper tibia Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates femur at hip joint Flexes leg at knee Femoral nerve Deep femoral artery Longest Tailor's muscle

The most commonly injured ligament in the ankle is the ___. It is rare for the ___ to be sprained because the fibula tends to prevent the ankle from moving far enough to stretch the ligament. When the deltoid ligament is injured, the event is often associated with ___.

Anterior talofibular ligament Deltoid (medial) ligament Fracture of the fibula

___ deep fascia of the thigh. Superior attachment ___. Defect ___. Iliotibial tract is a lateral thickening of the fascia lata that attaches ___. Insertion of ___. Septa dividing the 3 compartments arise here.

Fascia lata Inguinal ligament Saphenous hiatus Distally to the lateral tibial condyle Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae muscles

The unhappy triad of injuries can result from ___. Twisting strains of the ___ may tear or detach the ___, in turn rupturing the __.

Clipping in football Tibial collateral ligament (MCL) Medial meniscus ACL

Superficial venous drainage: the great saphenous vein is formed by the union of the ___. Ascends ___ to medial malleolus accompanied by the ___. Passes ___ to the medial condyle of the femur. Anastomoses frequently with ___. Empties into ___. The small saphenous is formed by union of the ___. Ascends ___ to lateral malleolus accompanied by ___. Empties into ___.

Dorsal vein of the great toe Dorsal venous arch Anterior Saphenous nerve Posterior Small saphenous vein Femoral vein Dorsal vein of the small toe Dorsal venous arch Posterior Sural nerve Popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are responsible for ___, innervated by ___. Lateral compartment ___, innervation ___. Posterior compartment ___, innervation ___.

Dorsiflexion at the ankle Inversion of foot Extension of toes Deep fibular nerve Weak plantarflexion Eversion of foot Superficial fibular nerve Plantarflexion of ankle Flexion of toes Tibial nerve

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh are responsible for ___ and are innervated by ___. Medial compartment ___, innervated by ___. Posterior compartment ___, innervated by ___.

Extension at knee Flexion at hip Femoral nerve (free appendage muscles) Adductors of the hip Obturator nerve (almost all) Flexion at knee Extensors at hip Tibial nerve (almost all, tibial division of sciatic nerve so some say sciatic nerve)

The portion of bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is the ___. The portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim is the ___. Pelvic brim landmarks ___.

False (greater) pelvis True (lesser) pelvis Anterior - pubic symphsis Anterolateral - iliopectineal line Posterolateral - arcuate line Posterior - sacral promontory

Cutaneous innervation: anterior thigh ___. Lateral thigh ___. Posterior thigh ___. Medial thigh ___.

Femoral nerve (lumbar plexus) Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (lumbar plexus) Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (sacral plexus) Obturator nerve (lumbar plexus)

Plantaris origin _____. Insertion ____. Action ____. Innervation ____. Arterial supply ____.

Femur Calcaneus Plantar flexes foot at ankle Flexes leg at knee Tibial nerve Sural branches of popliteal artery

Flexor hallucis longus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Fibula Plantar surface of great toe (plantar surface of distal phalanx) Flexes great toe Plantar flexes foot at ankle (weakly) Tibial nerve Posterior tibial artery

Pes anserine aka pes anserinus (Latin for goose's foot) is the ___ of the conjoined tendons of (anterior to posterior) ____ onto the ___. The conjoined tendon lies ____ to the tibial insertion of the __ and is sometimes called the inside hamstring muscles, being responsible for ___.

Final common tendionous insertion Sartorius Gracilis Semitendinosus muscles Anteromedial proximal tibia Superficial Medial collateral ligament (MCL) Knee flexion Stabilizing inside of knee

The superficial posterior compartment of the leg consists of these muscles ___.

Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus

The ___ is responsible for extension that occurs when rising from a seated position. The ___ is responsible for abduction. These are short lateral rotators of the gluteal region ___.

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Quadratus femoris Gemelli muscles Obturator internus Obturator externus Piriformis

Superior gluteal nerve injury: when the ___ are inactive due to superior gluteal nerve injury, their supporting and steadying action is lost. The pelvis falls on ___. ___ is the term used when the hip appears to drop on one side during walking.

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus The side of the raised limb Positive Trendelenburg sign

Most lateral aspect of the thigh ___. It forms the aponeurosis of the ___.

Iliotibial tract Tensor fasciae lata Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Ilium Greater trochanter Abducts thigh at hip Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate thigh Posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate thigh Superior gluteal nerve Superior gluteal artery

Gluteus minimus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Ilium Greater trochanter Abducts thigh at hip Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate thigh Posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate thigh Superior gluteal nerve Superior gluteal artery

The hip (os coxae) aka ____ is comprised of the ___. Bones fuse in ____ to form a single bone, the os coxae.

Inominate bone Ilium Ischium Pubis Late teens/early 20s

The anterior drawer test evaluates the ___. ___ suggests a ruptured ACL. The ACL prevents the ___.

Integrity of the ACL Endpoint laxity Limits medial rotation of femur when foot on ground and leg is fixed Hyperextension of knee Femur from sliding posteriorly on tibia

Semitendinosus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Ischial tuberosity Pes anserine tendon at upper tibia Flexes leg at knee Extends thigh at hip Tibial nerve Deep femoral artery (profunda femoris artery)

In the sacral plexus (spinal nerves ___) the nerve immediately medial to the common fibular nerve is the nerve to ___ and is comprised of branches from ___. The next immediately medial nerve is the nerve to ____ and is comprised of branches from ___.

L4-S4 Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris L4-S1 Superior gemellus Obturator internus L5-S2

Gastrocnemius origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Later and medial femoral condyles Posterior calcaneal surface (2 heads unite into aponeurosis which unites with deep tendon of soleus to form calcaneal (Achilles) tendon) Plantar flexes foot at ankle Flexes leg at knee Tibial nerve Sural branches of popliteal artery (one branch each head)

Biceps femoris origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Long head - ischial tuberosity Short head - linea aspera of femur Fibular head Lateral tibial condyle Flexes leg at knee Long head extends thigh at hip joint Long head - tibial nerve Short head - common fibular nerve Deep femoral artery

The lateral part of the ____ originates at the calcaneus. It rises at the ___ and descends to the ___. The medial part originates at the ___ rises to the __ and descends through the ___.

Longitudinal arch Cuboid Heads of the two lateral metatarsals Calcaneus Talus Navicular 3 cuneiforms Heads of 3 medial metatarsals

Cruciate ligaments crisscross within the articular capsule of the joint but are ___. The ACL runs from the ___ to the ___. ___ of the two cruciate ligaments. Slack when the ___, taut when the ___. Prevents ___. The PCL runs from the ___ to the ___. ___ of the cruciate ligaments. Tightens during ___. Prevents ___.

Outside the synovial cavity Anterior intercondylar area of tibia Lateral femoral condyle Weaker Knee is flexed Knee is fully extended Posterior displacement of femur on tibia Posterior intercondylar area of tibia Medial femoral condyle Stronger Flexion of the knee joint Anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia

Common fibular nerve injury: severance of the common fibular nerve results in ___ causing ___. The condition makes it impossible to make the ___ - the foot drops and the toes drag on the floor when walking.

Paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg (dorsiflexors of ankle and evertors of foot) Foot drop Heel strike the ground first

Muscles of anterior compartment of thigh___, posterior compartment____, medial compartment ___. (+ = extrinsic muscles)

Pectineus + (transitional muscle between anterior and medial compartments) Illiopsoas + (psoas major and minor, illiacus) Sartorius Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius) Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Pectineus + Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus +

Supination of the foot is a combination of ___. Pronation of the foot is a combination of ___.

Plantarflexion Inversion Adduction Abdcution Eversion Dorsiflexion

Gracilis origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply___.

Pubis Pes anserine tendon at upper tibia Adducts and flexes thigh at hip Flexes leg at knee Obturator nerve Obturator artery

The ___ closes the greater sciatic foramen. The sacrotuberous ligament attaches the ___ to the ___. The lesser sciatic notch is converted to the lesser sciatic foramen by the ___.

Sacrospinous ligamnet PSIS (posterior superior iliac spine) PIIS (posterior inferior iliac spine) Sacrum Coccyx Ischial tuberosity Sacrospinous ligament and the sacrotuberous ligaments

Piriformis origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Sacrum Greater trochanter Laterally rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint Piriformis nerve (aka nerve to piriformis) Superior and inferior gluteal arteries

Gluteus maximus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Sacrum Iliac crest Gluteal tuberosity (lateral part of linea aspera under greater trochanter) IT band Extends thigh at hip joint Laterally rotates thigh Inferior gluteal nerve Inferior gluteal artery

The pelvis/pelvic girdle is comprised of ___. Hip bones unite anteriorly at the ___ joint and posteriorly with the ____. Term pelvis means ___.

Sacrum Innominate bones (2) - os coxae Coccyx Pubic symphysis Sacrum at the sacroiliac joints Basin

The adductor canal (subsartorial canal) begins where ____, ends in the ___, contains ___. The femoral artery exits the adductor canal at the ___ and becomes the ___. Likewise, the popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein when it ___.

Sartorius crosses adductor longus Adductor hiatus formed by adductor magnus Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve (branch of femoral) Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Enters the adductor canal

The superficial fibular nerve (branch of common fibular in sacral plexus) innervates ___. The deep fibular nerve (branch of common fibular in sacral plexus) innervates __.

Skin over distal third of anterior aspect of leg, and dorsum of foot Fibularis longus muscles Fibularis brevis muscles Fibularis tertius Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes

The fibrous articular capsule of the hip is both ___, permitting free movement of the hip joint. Attachments of the articular capsule ___. These ligaments are part of the articular capsule and are thicker than others ___. This ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint ___. This ligament prevents overabduction of the hip joint ___. This ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint ____.

Strong and loose Proximal attachment is the edge of the acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament Distal attachments are to the intertrochanteric line and femoral neck Pubofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament (one of the strongest in body, y-shaped, aka ligament of Bigelow) Ligament of the femoral head Ischiofemoral ligament Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament

The articular capsule of the ankle is a fibrous capsule that is rather thin, but supported and stabilized on each side by ___. The collateral ligaments are named the ___. The medial ligament comprises ___ collectively called the medial ligament, anchors ___. Stabilizes ankle joint during _____ and resists ___. The lateral ligament comprises ___ collectively called the lateral ligament. ___ of the two collateral ligaments.

Strong collateral ligaments Medial ligament (aka deltoid ligament) Lateral ligament 4 discrete parts Medial malleolus to talus Eversion Extreme eversion 3 discrete ligaments Weaker

The posterior compartment muscles of the leg consists of muscles in ___. The superficial muscles share a common tendon of insertion, the ____. The deep muscles are deeper and ___. Innervation for both groups is the ___.

Superficial and deep groups Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Don't share a common tendon (among themselves or with the superficial group) Tibial nerve

The femoral triangle is an important landmark in the __. ___ pass through this space. Boundaries: base ___, lateral ____, medial ___, floor ___.

Superomedial thigh Femoral nerves and vessels Inguinal ligament (external oblique) Sartorius Adductor longus Iliopsoas Pectineus

Bursae are sacs or pouches of ___ located at ___, especially around joints.

Synovial fluid Friction points

Clubfoot aka ___ is a congenital deformity in which the foot is twisted ___, and the angle of the arch is ___. Without treatment people walk on the sides of their feet or on their ankles. Treatment consists of manipulating the arch to a normal curvature by ___ usually soon after birth (___ method). Corrective shoes or surgery may also be required.

Talipes or talipes equinovarus Inferiorly and medially Increased Casts or adhesive tapes Ponseti

The foot is made of tarsals (___ bones) and are named ___, metatarsals (___ bones), phalanges (___ bones).

Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms (3) 5 14

Flexor digitorum longus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ___. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Tibia Plantar surface of toes 2-5 (distal phalanges) Plantar flexes foot Flexes toes 2-5 Tibial nerve Posterior tibial artery

Soleus origin ___. Insertion ___. Action ____. Innervation ___. Arterial supply ___.

Tibia Fibula Posterior calcaneal surface (unites with gastrocnemius aponeurosis to form calcaneal (Achilles) tendon) Plantar flexes foot at ankle Tibial nerve Sural branches of popliteal artery

The sciatic branches into the ____. These both combine to form the ____, and each nerve branches to give rise to these nerves ____.

Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve Sural nerve Medial plantar nerve(tibial nerve) Lateral plantar nerve (tibial nerve) Deep fibular nerve (common fibular nerve) Superficial fibular nerve (common fibular nerve)

Coxa vara is an abnormality of the hip in which the angle between the ___ is ___. Coxa valga is an abnormality of the hip in which the angle between the ___ is ___. The angle of inclination varies with ___. It may also change with pathological processes that ___. Coxa vara = ___. Coxa valga = ___. The normal angle between top of the femur and femoral shaft is ___.

Top of the femur and the femoral shaft Smaller than normal Top of the femur and the femoral shaft Larger than normal Sex Age Development of femur Weaken the neck of the femur (e.g. Rickets) Less (horizontal neck) More (vertical neck) 115 to 140 (average is 126)

The superficial fibular nerve of the leg innervates the ___ . The deep fibular nerve innervates the ___ of the leg. In the leg, the common fibular nerve innervates ___. The common fibular nerve winds around the ___ before dividing into the ___. It is likely to be injured simultaneously with injury at or near the ___.

Two lateral compartment muscles Four anterior compartment muscles Components to short head of biceps Anterior and lateral compartments of the leg Dorsum of foot Fibular neck Deep fibular (deep peroneal) nerves Superficial fibular (superficial peroneal) nerves Head of the fibula