A&P 2 (bio242) chapter 18 study guide

the pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

if the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of what hormones?

TSH, ACTH, PRL

steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus or their target cells

steroid hormones can

bind to receptors within the cell, are lipids, are derived from cholesterol, are produced by reproductive glands

the action of the thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the following steps

binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein, activation of specific gene, activation of G protein, and transport into the target cell

what directly regulates the secretion of insulin?

blood glucose concentration

the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in the testes is

FSH

secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

GH, FSH, ACTH, TSH

hormones can operate on the _____ level of organization

cellular, tissue, organismic, organ

peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

the outer layer of the suprarenal gland is the

cortex

what hormones are produced by the pars distalis of the adrenohypophysis

corticotropin, TSH, somatotropin, FSH

a hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

cortisol

which hormone increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

cortisol

what substance(s) activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

the primary function of ADH is

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose

in persons with untreated diabetes mellitus

excessive thirst is shown, glucose is present in the urine in large amounts, blood glucose levels are very high, a large excretion of urine

what is false about melatonin

exposure to light stimulates production

the thyroid gland is composed of many _______ that produce and store thyroid hormone

follicles

the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

after brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. the ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

ADH

charges in blood osmotic pressure would affect the secretion of

ADH

the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

the posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

a deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

ADH (#14 on diagram)

after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex

gene transcription is initiated

excess secretion of the growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

alpha cels are to _______ as beta cells are to _______

glucagon; insulin

Cushing's disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

which group of hormones cause and anti-inflammatory action?

glucocorticoids

the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

glucocortoids

all target cells...

have hormone receptors

____________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported into the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in the other tissues.

hormones

the most complex endocrine responses involve the

hypothalamus

mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

hypothyroidism

melanocyte-stimualting hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

in very young children, in some disease processes, during fetal development, during pregnancy

the condition known as seasonal affect disorder (SAD) may be caused by

increased levels of melatonin

the main action of antidiuretic hormone is

increased water conservation by the kidneys

what is not an action of TSH?

inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?

insulin

what hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors

insulin and epinephrine

thyroid hormone contains the element

iodine

what elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

iodine

the two lobes of thyroid gland are connected by the

isthmus

destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results

loss of ADH secretion

the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces

mineralocortoids

hormone release may be controlled by which factors

nervous stimuli, blood level of a hormone, blood level of an ion like calcium, blood level of glucose

what hormones are amino acid derivative

norepinephrine, melatonin, epinephrine, thyroid hormone

a simple endocrine reflex involves _______ hormone(s)

one

what cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

osteoblasts

identify the hormone thats target tissue are ovaries and testes (#13 on diagram)

oxytocin

before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. what glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone

when a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

the hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are

thymosins

thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

identify hormone that is secreted by hypothalamus and target organ is thyroid gland (#4 on diagram)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

identify hormone secreted by thyroid gland (#5 on diagram)

thyroxine

identify hormone thats target tissue is suprarenal gland (#1 on diagram)

ACTH

the pituitary hormone that controls the release of gluccorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

ACTH

a rise in cortisol would cause an increase except in

ACTH levels

increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood

PTH

the link between the first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to a peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

type II diabetes is characterized by

a lack of response by target cells to insulin

cells in the brain can

absorb glucose without insulin stimulation

a hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

a hormone might

alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it

hormones can be divided by different groups based on their chemistry. these categories include

amino acid derivatives, eicosanoids, steroids, peptides

the zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

androgens

the enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin

the heart secrets the hormone

atrial natriuretic peptide

parathyroid hormone does not

build up bone

the C cells of the thyroid gland produce

calcitonin

calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin

the intracellular protein______ binds calcium ion. this complex can then activate enzymes

calmodulin

hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid and tyrosine

the control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct _______ regulation

endocrine

the hypothalamus acts as both a neutral and a(n) ______ organ

endocrine

the adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

hormone that increases production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

a kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

PRL is to _______ as ADH is to ________.

prolactin; vasopressin

hormonal actions onc ells include those that affect

quantities of enzymes, gating of ion channels, synthesis of enzymes, activities of enzymes

if stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the _______ phase of the GAS.

reisitance

endocrine cells

release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood

the hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones?

sex hormones

the delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

somatostatin

TSH plays a key role in the _____ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

true statement about the pancreas

the islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. the tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. this tumor probably involves cells of the

zona reticularis