A&P 2 (bio242) chapter 18 study guide
the pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH
if the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of what hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus or their target cells
steroid hormones can
bind to receptors within the cell, are lipids, are derived from cholesterol, are produced by reproductive glands
the action of the thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the following steps
binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein, activation of specific gene, activation of G protein, and transport into the target cell
what directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
blood glucose concentration
the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in the testes is
FSH
secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release
GH, FSH, ACTH, TSH
hormones can operate on the _____ level of organization
cellular, tissue, organismic, organ
peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
the outer layer of the suprarenal gland is the
cortex
what hormones are produced by the pars distalis of the adrenohypophysis
corticotropin, TSH, somatotropin, FSH
a hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol
which hormone increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
cortisol
what substance(s) activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
the primary function of ADH is
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose
in persons with untreated diabetes mellitus
excessive thirst is shown, glucose is present in the urine in large amounts, blood glucose levels are very high, a large excretion of urine
what is false about melatonin
exposure to light stimulates production
the thyroid gland is composed of many _______ that produce and store thyroid hormone
follicles
the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
after brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. the ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
ADH
charges in blood osmotic pressure would affect the secretion of
ADH
the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
the posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
a deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?
ADH (#14 on diagram)
after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex
gene transcription is initiated
excess secretion of the growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
alpha cels are to _______ as beta cells are to _______
glucagon; insulin
Cushing's disease results from an excess of
glucocorticoids
hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) are the
glucocorticoids
which group of hormones cause and anti-inflammatory action?
glucocorticoids
the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
glucocortoids
all target cells...
have hormone receptors
____________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported into the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in the other tissues.
hormones
the most complex endocrine responses involve the
hypothalamus
mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
hypothyroidism
melanocyte-stimualting hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia
in very young children, in some disease processes, during fetal development, during pregnancy
the condition known as seasonal affect disorder (SAD) may be caused by
increased levels of melatonin
the main action of antidiuretic hormone is
increased water conservation by the kidneys
what is not an action of TSH?
inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?
insulin
what hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors
insulin and epinephrine
thyroid hormone contains the element
iodine
what elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
iodine
the two lobes of thyroid gland are connected by the
isthmus
destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results
loss of ADH secretion
the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
mineralocortoids
hormone release may be controlled by which factors
nervous stimuli, blood level of a hormone, blood level of an ion like calcium, blood level of glucose
what hormones are amino acid derivative
norepinephrine, melatonin, epinephrine, thyroid hormone
a simple endocrine reflex involves _______ hormone(s)
one
what cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
osteoblasts
identify the hormone thats target tissue are ovaries and testes (#13 on diagram)
oxytocin
before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. what glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone
when a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
the hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
thymosins
thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland
identify hormone that is secreted by hypothalamus and target organ is thyroid gland (#4 on diagram)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
identify hormone secreted by thyroid gland (#5 on diagram)
thyroxine
identify hormone thats target tissue is suprarenal gland (#1 on diagram)
ACTH
the pituitary hormone that controls the release of gluccorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is
ACTH
a rise in cortisol would cause an increase except in
ACTH levels
increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood
PTH
the link between the first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to a peptide hormones is usually
a G protein
type II diabetes is characterized by
a lack of response by target cells to insulin
cells in the brain can
absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
a hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
a hormone might
alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it
hormones can be divided by different groups based on their chemistry. these categories include
amino acid derivatives, eicosanoids, steroids, peptides
the zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
androgens
the enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
angiotensin
the heart secrets the hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide
parathyroid hormone does not
build up bone
the C cells of the thyroid gland produce
calcitonin
calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin
the intracellular protein______ binds calcium ion. this complex can then activate enzymes
calmodulin
hormones known as "catecholamines" are
derivatives of the amino acid and tyrosine
the control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct _______ regulation
endocrine
the hypothalamus acts as both a neutral and a(n) ______ organ
endocrine
the adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
hormone that increases production of red blood cells
erythropoietin
the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
a kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
PRL is to _______ as ADH is to ________.
prolactin; vasopressin
hormonal actions onc ells include those that affect
quantities of enzymes, gating of ion channels, synthesis of enzymes, activities of enzymes
if stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the _______ phase of the GAS.
reisitance
endocrine cells
release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood
the hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones?
sex hormones
the delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
somatostatin
TSH plays a key role in the _____ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and release
true statement about the pancreas
the islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. the tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. this tumor probably involves cells of the
zona reticularis