A&P 2 Chapter 16
All of the following topic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary EXCEPT - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
ADH
Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?
ADH and Aldosterone
Paracrine signals:
Act on neighboring cells
Hypersecretion of what hormone is most likely to lead to high BP and hypernatremia?
Aldosterone
______________ are hormones that act on the same target cell but have opposite effects.
Antagonist
________________ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.
Autocrine
The ___________ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin's.
Beta
______________ are the major targets of growth hormone.
Bones and skeletal muscle
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary ____________
By the portal veins
A hormone released from the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ______________.
Calcitriol
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the?
Concentration of serum calcium.
Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?
Cortisol
Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect? - triiodothyronine (T3) - histamine - aldosterone - cortisol
Cortisol
Which hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?
Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels)
The ____________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.
Hypothalamus
Thyroxine (T4) functions to
Increase the general rate of metabolism
Growth hormone stimulates all of the following except - increased rate of glycogen formation - increased fat breakdown - stimulating protein synthesis - stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor
Increase the rate of glycogen formation
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)? - increased release of calcium ions from bone - increased osteoblast activity - increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine - increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys
Increased osteoblast activity
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all of the following except - falling blood levels of sodium - decreased blood ph - increased plasma volume - rising blood levels of potassium
Increased plasma volume
What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucose?
Insulin
_____________ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.
Iodine
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because:
It is the hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.
Renin is produced by the _____________.
Kidneys
Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone? - FSH - ADH - LH - TSH
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What hormones are produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? - aldosterone - epinephrine - cortisol - androgens
Epinephrine
Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based? - aldosterone - estrogen - epinephrine - cortisol
Epinephrine
Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of _____________ and ___________ rise
Epinephrine and cortisol
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast? - estrogen - luteinizing hormone (LH) - progesterone - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Estrogens
___________ exerts it's effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What type of tissue makes up the andenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?
Glandular epithelium
Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ______________.
Glucagon
Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration? - calcitonin - glucagon - parathyroid hormone - insulin
Glucagon
The _________ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Heart
Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretions of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Hormonal stimulation
The endocrine system secretes ___________________into the blood to be transported to their target cells.
Hormones
What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytology or nucleus?
Hydrophobic hormones
Most hormone secretion is regulated as a part of _________________.
Negative feedback loop
Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?
Zona glomerulus
Leptin is a hormone produced by the _______________.
adipose tissue
A second messenger for hormone response is______________.
cAMP
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
concentration of serum calcium
Aldosterone regulates ____________.
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
Aldosterone _______________.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Insulin operates under ________________.
humoral stimulation
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?
increasing solute concentration of the blood
What hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
insulin
Melatonin is secreted by what gland?
pineal gland
With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?
pituitary gland
Testosterone is produced by the ______________.
testes
Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol? - the liver - nervous tissue - adipose tissue - muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
The cells of the nervous system communicate via ______________, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via _____________.
Neurotransmitters;Hormones
Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth? - FSH -estrogen - oxytocin - luteinizing hormone
Oxytocin
Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions? - adrenal medulla - thyroid - pancreas - anterior pituitary
Pancreas
Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentration by causing the kidneys to
Retain sodium and excrete potassium
Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble? - proteins - peptides - steroids - Amines
Steroids
Cortisol acts to
Stimulate gluconeogenesis and activate anti-stress and anti-inflammation pathways
Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of ________________.
T lymphocytes
The parathyroid gland maintains adequate levels of calcium by:
Targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium
Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in a _________________.
Tendency towards weight loss
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because...
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.
What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?
Thyroid gland
Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ? -testes -pineal gland -heart -thyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thermoregulation is a function of which hormones?
Thyroid hormones
Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?
Thyroid hormones
Which hormone determines the basal metabolic rate while fasting?
Thyroid hormones
What is a major function of the endocrine system?
To release hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.
_____________ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus