A&P 2 Chapter 16

All of the following topic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary EXCEPT - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

ADH

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

ADH and Aldosterone

Paracrine signals:

Act on neighboring cells

Hypersecretion of what hormone is most likely to lead to high BP and hypernatremia?

Aldosterone

______________ are hormones that act on the same target cell but have opposite effects.

Antagonist

________________ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.

Autocrine

The ___________ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin's.

Beta

______________ are the major targets of growth hormone.

Bones and skeletal muscle

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary ____________

By the portal veins

A hormone released from the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ______________.

Calcitriol

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the?

Concentration of serum calcium.

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

Cortisol

Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect? - triiodothyronine (T3) - histamine - aldosterone - cortisol

Cortisol

Which hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels)

The ____________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Hypothalamus

Thyroxine (T4) functions to

Increase the general rate of metabolism

Growth hormone stimulates all of the following except - increased rate of glycogen formation - increased fat breakdown - stimulating protein synthesis - stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor

Increase the rate of glycogen formation

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)? - increased release of calcium ions from bone - increased osteoblast activity - increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine - increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys

Increased osteoblast activity

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all of the following except - falling blood levels of sodium - decreased blood ph - increased plasma volume - rising blood levels of potassium

Increased plasma volume

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucose?

Insulin

_____________ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

Iodine

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because:

It is the hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.

Renin is produced by the _____________.

Kidneys

Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone? - FSH - ADH - LH - TSH

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What hormones are produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Mineralocorticoids

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? - aldosterone - epinephrine - cortisol - androgens

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based? - aldosterone - estrogen - epinephrine - cortisol

Epinephrine

Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of _____________ and ___________ rise

Epinephrine and cortisol

Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast? - estrogen - luteinizing hormone (LH) - progesterone - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Estrogens

___________ exerts it's effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

What type of tissue makes up the andenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?

Glandular epithelium

Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ______________.

Glucagon

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration? - calcitonin - glucagon - parathyroid hormone - insulin

Glucagon

The _________ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

Heart

Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretions of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?

Hormonal stimulation

The endocrine system secretes ___________________into the blood to be transported to their target cells.

Hormones

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytology or nucleus?

Hydrophobic hormones

Most hormone secretion is regulated as a part of _________________.

Negative feedback loop

Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

Zona glomerulus

Leptin is a hormone produced by the _______________.

adipose tissue

A second messenger for hormone response is______________.

cAMP

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of serum calcium

Aldosterone regulates ____________.

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

Aldosterone _______________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Insulin operates under ________________.

humoral stimulation

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?

increasing solute concentration of the blood

What hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

insulin

Melatonin is secreted by what gland?

pineal gland

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

pituitary gland

Testosterone is produced by the ______________.

testes

Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol? - the liver - nervous tissue - adipose tissue - muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

The cells of the nervous system communicate via ______________, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via _____________.

Neurotransmitters;Hormones

Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth? - FSH -estrogen - oxytocin - luteinizing hormone

Oxytocin

Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions? - adrenal medulla - thyroid - pancreas - anterior pituitary

Pancreas

Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentration by causing the kidneys to

Retain sodium and excrete potassium

Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble? - proteins - peptides - steroids - Amines

Steroids

Cortisol acts to

Stimulate gluconeogenesis and activate anti-stress and anti-inflammation pathways

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of ________________.

T lymphocytes

The parathyroid gland maintains adequate levels of calcium by:

Targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium

Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in a _________________.

Tendency towards weight loss

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because...

The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

Thyroid gland

Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ? -testes -pineal gland -heart -thyroid gland

Thyroid gland

Thermoregulation is a function of which hormones?

Thyroid hormones

Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?

Thyroid hormones

Which hormone determines the basal metabolic rate while fasting?

Thyroid hormones

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

To release hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.

_____________ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus