A&P 2 exam 1

The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.

B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because A) their blood cells lack A and B antigens. B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins. C) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins. D) they usually have very strong immune systems. E) they are usually Rh negative.

B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

posterior pituitary gland

does not create hormones but stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Anterior pituitary

produces 7 hormones; Growth, thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating, lutenizing, and prolactin hormones

Half-life

The amount of time it takes to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to one-half of what is secreted initially

Protein hormones

long chains of polypeptides; GH regulates growth; FSH matures eggs and sperm

Autocrine

signaling takes place within the same cell that releases it

Hormone elimination

the faster the rate of elimination, the lower the hormone concentration in the blood

Endocrine organs

thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands

water soluble hormones

travel freely through blood

lipid soluble hormones

use carrier molecules; do not dissolve in blood

hormonal stimulation

A gland cell releases its hormone when some other hormone binds to it

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.

A) angiotensin.

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. A) glucagon; insulin B) somatostatin; insulin C) insulin; glucagon D) glucagon; somatostatin E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

A) glucagon; insulin

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) none; only extra fluids are needed. E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

A) oxytocin

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

A)TSH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

C) FSH

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol

C) PTH

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics? A) RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies. B) RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies. D) RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies. E) RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody.

C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.

C) aldosterone.

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

C) calcitonin.

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison's disease.

C) diabetes mellitus.

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone A) thymosin. B) angiotensin. C) erythropoietin. D) M-CSF. E) renin

C) erythropoietin.

A hematocrit provides information on A) blood type. B) clotting factors. C) formed elements abundance. D) plasma composition. E) sedimentation rate

C) formed elements abundance.

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. What does this mean? A) Bill could receive type B-negative blood in a transfusion. B) Bill could donate blood to an individual with type O blood. C) Bill is Rh positive. D) Bill's plasma contains B antibodies. E) Bill's red blood cells contain the O surface antigen.

D) Bill's plasma contains B antibodies.

Cushing's disease results from an excess of A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) ADH. D) glucocorticoids. E) epinephrine.

D) glucocorticoids.

Steroid hormone

Derived form lipids, specifically cholesterol

Biogenic Amine Hormones

Derived from modified amino acids

The function of red blood cells is to A) carry oxygen from the cells to the lungs. B) carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body's cells. C) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells. D) defend the body against infectious organisms. E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

functions of the endocrine system

Regulates development, growth, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume; controls digestive progress; and controls reproductive activites

Peptide hormones

Short chains of amino acids; ADH secreted by the pituitary; ANP produced by the heart

Target cells

cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

Paracrine

chemical that induces a response in neighboring cells

Upregulation

drastically reduce hormone levels cause target cells to increase number of receptors for that hormone

Downregulation

excessive hormone levels cause target cells to decrease number of receptors for that hormone

Premissive effect

one hormone enables another hormone to act; oxytocin's milk ejections requires prolactin's milk generation

Antagonistic effect (working against)

one hormone opposes the activity of another hormone

Synergistic effect (working together)

one hormone reinforces that activity of another hormone

Hormone synthesis

rate of synthesis and release increases, concentration of the hormone in the blood is greater

Humoral stimulation

release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood

Nervous stimulation

release of a hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system