A&P
The end(s) of long bones
Epiphysis
The aspect of Julie's skin lesion that concerned her doctor was
All listed choices
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
Become pale
Merkel cells
Cells associated with nervous system function, receptors for touch
The shaft of the bone
Diaphysis
Osteochondral progenitor cell
Stem cell, gives rise to osteoblasts
The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the
Stratum basale
Imagine observing a cross section through the diaphysis of a long bone. Place the following terms in order moving from superficial to deep 1) compact bone 2) spongy bone 3) periosteum 4) medullary cavity 5) endosteum
3, 1, 2, 5, 4
True/false: the average adult skeleton has 270 bones
False
True/false: the cervical and thoracic regions are concave anteriorly
False
True/false: the intervertebral discs are pads of hyaline cartilage found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
False
True/false: the right and left coccyx join each other anteriorly and the sacrum posteriorly to form the pelvic girdle
False
True/false: the two anatomical portions of the skeleton are the skull and vertebral column
False
Compact bone
Made up of osteons, has central canals, found lining the superficial regions of all bones
Match the bone with the correct anatomical portion of the skeleton: 1) hyoid 2) coxal bone 3) sternum 4) clavicle 5) sacrum 6) tarsal bones 7) coccyx 8) patella
1) axial 2) appendicular 3) axial 4) appendicular 5) axial 6) appendicular 7) axial 8) appendicular
Match the layer with its location and description 1) deepest layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength 2) outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue 3) connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue
1) dermis 2) epidermis 3) subcutaneous tissue
Match the bone with the correct component of the skeleton 1) mandible 2) sphenoid 3) sacrum 4) sternum 5) scapula 6) radius 7) tarsals 8) coxal bone
1) face 2) cranium 3) vertebral column 4) thoracic cage 5) pectoral girdle 6) upper limb 7) lower limb 8) pelvic girdle
Given that ultraviolet light exposure is instrumental in the development of malignant melanoma, one can reduce the risk of cancer by
All listed choices
The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by _____________
Appositional growth
Hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a joint
Articular cartilage
Langerhans cells
Cells of the immune system
Put the following components of the vertebral column in order from superior to inferior. Lumbar region, coccyx, sacrum, cervical region, thoracic region
Cervical region (1), thoracic region (2), lumbar region (3), sacrum (4), coccyx (5)
Dermis
Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, includes hair follicles, glands, and blood vessels, contains the papillary and reticular layers
Spongy bone
Composed of trabeculae, gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow, convey strength with light weight, abundant in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones
If you take a cold shower, the blood vessels in the dermis will ___________ in order to maintain homeostasis.
Constrict
Subcutaneous tissue
Contains a large proportion of adipose tissue, deep to the dermis, not part of the skin
Papillary layer
Contains papillae that project toward the epidermis, primarily areolar connective tissue, organized as loosely arranged thin fibers, supplies the overlying epidermis with nutrients
When blood vessels in the dermis constrict, blood flow from the deeper tissues to the dermis decreases; therefore, heat loss from the body _________
Decreases
Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the _______
Dermis
When you are hot, blood vessels in the dermis _______ in order to maintain homeostasis
Dilate
Connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones
Endosteum
Growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Epidermis
Epithelium, includes 4-5 strata, avascular, keratinized stratified squamous
True/false: bone tissue is classified as woven or lamellar bone based upon the organization of elastic fibers in the bone matrix
False
True/false: in general, the bones of the pelvic girdle are thicker, lighter, and longer than those of the upper limb
False
True/false: lamellar bone is remodeled to form woven bone
False
Check all of the bones that belong to the lower limb. Femur, humerus, tarsals, tibia, carpals, metatarsals, radius, patella
Femur, tarsals, tibia, metatarsals, patella
Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal ______ cartilage persists near the epiphysis
Hyaline
Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges
Improve the grip of the hands
When blood vessels in the dermis dilate and promote blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin, the result is that heat loss from the body ______
Increases
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ______ hairs
Lanugo
Check all of the bones of the skull that can be visualized from an anterior view. Maxilla, occipital bone, nasal bone, auditory ossicles, zygomatic bone, palatine bones
Maxilla, nasal bone, zygomatic bone
Large cavity within the shaft
Medullary cavity
Osteoclast
Multinucleate, bone resorption, releases minerals by bone breakdown
Decreases blood calcium
Osteoblast activity, decreased time outdoors, calcitonin
Increases blood calcium
Osteoclast activity, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys, increased calcium absorption by the digestive system, increased bone reabsorption, inhibition of osteoclasts
Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue
Papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the
Papillary layer of the dermis
If melanin is so important for protection against mutagenic UV exposure, why is it that some people are light skinned and obviously deficient in melanin?
People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure, and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production
Connective tissue membrane covering most of the outer surface
Periosteum
Reticular layer
Primarily dense irregular connective tissue, composes a majority of the dermis, continuous with the subcutaneous tissue, organized in irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions, forms cleavage (tension) lines, tissue is resistant to stretching in many directions
Glands
Produces secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms
Nails
Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense
Hair
Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects
Skin
Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light
Check all of the bones that belong to the upper limb. Femur, radius, humerus, tibia, ulna, carpals, tarsals, metacarpals
Radius, humerus, ulna, carpals, metacarpals
Connective tissue that serves as a site of blood cell production
Red marrow
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?
Reticular layer of dermis
Which of the following are bones of the pectoral girdle? Check all that apply. Humerus, scapula, pelvic bone, clavicle
Scapula, clavicle
Osteoblast
Secretes matrix, gives rise to osteocytes
Identify the functions of the integumentary system
Sensation of environmental stimuli, thermoregulation, resistance to infection
Put the following events in the correct order: trabeculae increase in size, osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix, spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together, red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone, osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae, some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochondral progenitor cells, trabeculae develop, osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts, osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone
Some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochondral progenitor cells, osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts, osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix, trabeculae develop, osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae, trabeculae increase in size, spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together, red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone, osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone
Which layer of the epidermis is found only in a few areas of the body?
Stratum lucidum
The degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to
The amount of melanin produced by a person's melanocytes
Light skinned people are at greatest risk for malignant melanoma because
The decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development
Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?
The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis
Keratinocytes
The most common cell type in the epidermis, produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale, produce proteins and lipids associated with waterproofing of the skin
Melanocytes
These cells have increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals, produce a pigment that protects from UV light, produce melanin
In ____, the stratum corneum has many layers of cells
Thick skin
____ contains all 5 epithelial strata
Thick skin
_____ is found in areas subject to pressure or friction
Thick skin
_____ is found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet
Thick skin
Hair is found only in _____
Thin skin
In _____, each stratum contains fewer layers of cells
Thin skin
In _____, the stratum granulosum frequently consists of only one or two layers of cells
Thin skin
In _____, the stratum lucidum generally is absent
Thin skin
____ is more flexible than thick skin
Thin skin
______ covers the majority of the body
Thin skin
Found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue
Yellow marrow
Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the ___________
Zone of calcification
The ___________ is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification
Zone of cell proliferation
The next layer is the _________ where the existing columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin
Zone of hypertrophy
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Match the bone matrix component or function with the appropriate classification: 1) hydroxyapatite 2) proteoglycans 3) provides flexibility 4) provides weight bearing strength 5) collagen
1) inorganic 2) organic 3) organic 4) inorganic 5) organic
Match the definition to the correct bone feature 1) a prominent projection on a bone 2) a hole in a bone 3) a small rounded bump on a bone 4) a little pit found in a bone 5) the general term for a depression on a bone 6) a cavity found in a bone lined with mucous membranes
1) process 2) foramen 3) tubercle 4) fovea 5) fossa 6) sinus
Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years old. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? 1) he has fewer functional hair follicles now 2) he has fewer functional sebaceous glands now 3) he has fewer merocrine sweat glands now 4) he has fewer apocrine sweat glands now
1, 2
Put the steps of bone repair in the correct order: 1) woven bone is replaced by compact bone 2) fracture of the bone, damage to blood vessels and surrounding periosteum 3) a localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed 4) fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone 5) an internal callus forms between the ends of the bones and an external callus forms a collar around the break
2, 3, 5, 4, 1
Put the following events in the correct order: 1) osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center 2) chondrocytes hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms 3) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones 4) a primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade 5) chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium 6) the cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage 7) the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone 8) the perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced
5, 8, 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 7
Body odor results from secretions from the _______ sweat glands
Apocrine
Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of dermal blood vessels,
Body heat is conserved
Thick skin
Is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms
The dermis
Is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength
Just one or two bad sunburns can set the stage for malignant melanoma to develop, even years or decades into the future.
True
True/false: Twenty-six bones make up the vertebral column
True
True/false: lamellar bone has fibers that are parallel to one another in one lamella but at an angle to the fibers in the adjacent lamellae
True
True/false: the intervertebral foramina are openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
True
True/false: the pelvic girdle is attached much more firmly to the body than the pectoral girdle
True
True/false: there are 22 bones that comprise the skull
True
True/false: there are five regions of the adult vertebral column, and there are four major curvatures
True
True/false: woven bone has fibers that are randomly arranged in many directions
True
True/false: woven bone is first formed during fetal development and during the repair of a fracture
True