A&P

The end(s) of long bones

Epiphysis

The aspect of Julie's skin lesion that concerned her doctor was

All listed choices

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

Become pale

Merkel cells

Cells associated with nervous system function, receptors for touch

The shaft of the bone

Diaphysis

Osteochondral progenitor cell

Stem cell, gives rise to osteoblasts

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the

Stratum basale

Imagine observing a cross section through the diaphysis of a long bone. Place the following terms in order moving from superficial to deep 1) compact bone 2) spongy bone 3) periosteum 4) medullary cavity 5) endosteum

3, 1, 2, 5, 4

True/false: the average adult skeleton has 270 bones

False

True/false: the cervical and thoracic regions are concave anteriorly

False

True/false: the intervertebral discs are pads of hyaline cartilage found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae

False

True/false: the right and left coccyx join each other anteriorly and the sacrum posteriorly to form the pelvic girdle

False

True/false: the two anatomical portions of the skeleton are the skull and vertebral column

False

Compact bone

Made up of osteons, has central canals, found lining the superficial regions of all bones

Match the bone with the correct anatomical portion of the skeleton: 1) hyoid 2) coxal bone 3) sternum 4) clavicle 5) sacrum 6) tarsal bones 7) coccyx 8) patella

1) axial 2) appendicular 3) axial 4) appendicular 5) axial 6) appendicular 7) axial 8) appendicular

Match the layer with its location and description 1) deepest layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength 2) outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue 3) connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue

1) dermis 2) epidermis 3) subcutaneous tissue

Match the bone with the correct component of the skeleton 1) mandible 2) sphenoid 3) sacrum 4) sternum 5) scapula 6) radius 7) tarsals 8) coxal bone

1) face 2) cranium 3) vertebral column 4) thoracic cage 5) pectoral girdle 6) upper limb 7) lower limb 8) pelvic girdle

Given that ultraviolet light exposure is instrumental in the development of malignant melanoma, one can reduce the risk of cancer by

All listed choices

The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by _____________

Appositional growth

Hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a joint

Articular cartilage

Langerhans cells

Cells of the immune system

Put the following components of the vertebral column in order from superior to inferior. Lumbar region, coccyx, sacrum, cervical region, thoracic region

Cervical region (1), thoracic region (2), lumbar region (3), sacrum (4), coccyx (5)

Dermis

Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, includes hair follicles, glands, and blood vessels, contains the papillary and reticular layers

Spongy bone

Composed of trabeculae, gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow, convey strength with light weight, abundant in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones

If you take a cold shower, the blood vessels in the dermis will ___________ in order to maintain homeostasis.

Constrict

Subcutaneous tissue

Contains a large proportion of adipose tissue, deep to the dermis, not part of the skin

Papillary layer

Contains papillae that project toward the epidermis, primarily areolar connective tissue, organized as loosely arranged thin fibers, supplies the overlying epidermis with nutrients

When blood vessels in the dermis constrict, blood flow from the deeper tissues to the dermis decreases; therefore, heat loss from the body _________

Decreases

Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the _______

Dermis

When you are hot, blood vessels in the dermis _______ in order to maintain homeostasis

Dilate

Connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones

Endosteum

Growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Epiphyseal plate

Epidermis

Epithelium, includes 4-5 strata, avascular, keratinized stratified squamous

True/false: bone tissue is classified as woven or lamellar bone based upon the organization of elastic fibers in the bone matrix

False

True/false: in general, the bones of the pelvic girdle are thicker, lighter, and longer than those of the upper limb

False

True/false: lamellar bone is remodeled to form woven bone

False

Check all of the bones that belong to the lower limb. Femur, humerus, tarsals, tibia, carpals, metatarsals, radius, patella

Femur, tarsals, tibia, metatarsals, patella

Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal ______ cartilage persists near the epiphysis

Hyaline

Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges

Improve the grip of the hands

When blood vessels in the dermis dilate and promote blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin, the result is that heat loss from the body ______

Increases

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ______ hairs

Lanugo

Check all of the bones of the skull that can be visualized from an anterior view. Maxilla, occipital bone, nasal bone, auditory ossicles, zygomatic bone, palatine bones

Maxilla, nasal bone, zygomatic bone

Large cavity within the shaft

Medullary cavity

Osteoclast

Multinucleate, bone resorption, releases minerals by bone breakdown

Decreases blood calcium

Osteoblast activity, decreased time outdoors, calcitonin

Increases blood calcium

Osteoclast activity, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys, increased calcium absorption by the digestive system, increased bone reabsorption, inhibition of osteoclasts

Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue

Papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the

Papillary layer of the dermis

If melanin is so important for protection against mutagenic UV exposure, why is it that some people are light skinned and obviously deficient in melanin?

People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure, and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production

Connective tissue membrane covering most of the outer surface

Periosteum

Reticular layer

Primarily dense irregular connective tissue, composes a majority of the dermis, continuous with the subcutaneous tissue, organized in irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions, forms cleavage (tension) lines, tissue is resistant to stretching in many directions

Glands

Produces secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms

Nails

Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense

Hair

Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects

Skin

Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light

Check all of the bones that belong to the upper limb. Femur, radius, humerus, tibia, ulna, carpals, tarsals, metacarpals

Radius, humerus, ulna, carpals, metacarpals

Connective tissue that serves as a site of blood cell production

Red marrow

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

Which of the following are bones of the pectoral girdle? Check all that apply. Humerus, scapula, pelvic bone, clavicle

Scapula, clavicle

Osteoblast

Secretes matrix, gives rise to osteocytes

Identify the functions of the integumentary system

Sensation of environmental stimuli, thermoregulation, resistance to infection

Put the following events in the correct order: trabeculae increase in size, osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix, spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together, red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone, osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae, some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochondral progenitor cells, trabeculae develop, osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts, osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone

Some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochondral progenitor cells, osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts, osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix, trabeculae develop, osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae, trabeculae increase in size, spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together, red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone, osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in a few areas of the body?

Stratum lucidum

The degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to

The amount of melanin produced by a person's melanocytes

Light skinned people are at greatest risk for malignant melanoma because

The decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis

Keratinocytes

The most common cell type in the epidermis, produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale, produce proteins and lipids associated with waterproofing of the skin

Melanocytes

These cells have increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals, produce a pigment that protects from UV light, produce melanin

In ____, the stratum corneum has many layers of cells

Thick skin

____ contains all 5 epithelial strata

Thick skin

_____ is found in areas subject to pressure or friction

Thick skin

_____ is found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet

Thick skin

Hair is found only in _____

Thin skin

In _____, each stratum contains fewer layers of cells

Thin skin

In _____, the stratum granulosum frequently consists of only one or two layers of cells

Thin skin

In _____, the stratum lucidum generally is absent

Thin skin

____ is more flexible than thick skin

Thin skin

______ covers the majority of the body

Thin skin

Found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue

Yellow marrow

Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the ___________

Zone of calcification

The ___________ is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification

Zone of cell proliferation

The next layer is the _________ where the existing columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin

Zone of hypertrophy

Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Match the bone matrix component or function with the appropriate classification: 1) hydroxyapatite 2) proteoglycans 3) provides flexibility 4) provides weight bearing strength 5) collagen

1) inorganic 2) organic 3) organic 4) inorganic 5) organic

Match the definition to the correct bone feature 1) a prominent projection on a bone 2) a hole in a bone 3) a small rounded bump on a bone 4) a little pit found in a bone 5) the general term for a depression on a bone 6) a cavity found in a bone lined with mucous membranes

1) process 2) foramen 3) tubercle 4) fovea 5) fossa 6) sinus

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years old. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? 1) he has fewer functional hair follicles now 2) he has fewer functional sebaceous glands now 3) he has fewer merocrine sweat glands now 4) he has fewer apocrine sweat glands now

1, 2

Put the steps of bone repair in the correct order: 1) woven bone is replaced by compact bone 2) fracture of the bone, damage to blood vessels and surrounding periosteum 3) a localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed 4) fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone 5) an internal callus forms between the ends of the bones and an external callus forms a collar around the break

2, 3, 5, 4, 1

Put the following events in the correct order: 1) osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center 2) chondrocytes hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms 3) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones 4) a primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade 5) chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium 6) the cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage 7) the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone 8) the perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced

5, 8, 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 7

Body odor results from secretions from the _______ sweat glands

Apocrine

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of dermal blood vessels,

Body heat is conserved

Thick skin

Is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms

The dermis

Is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength

Just one or two bad sunburns can set the stage for malignant melanoma to develop, even years or decades into the future.

True

True/false: Twenty-six bones make up the vertebral column

True

True/false: lamellar bone has fibers that are parallel to one another in one lamella but at an angle to the fibers in the adjacent lamellae

True

True/false: the intervertebral foramina are openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

True

True/false: the pelvic girdle is attached much more firmly to the body than the pectoral girdle

True

True/false: there are 22 bones that comprise the skull

True

True/false: there are five regions of the adult vertebral column, and there are four major curvatures

True

True/false: woven bone has fibers that are randomly arranged in many directions

True

True/false: woven bone is first formed during fetal development and during the repair of a fracture

True