A&P Ch 23: Urinary

List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop.

-Chloride -Potassium Ions -Sodium Ions

What is the normal pH of urine? -slightly basic -slightly acidic -neutral

-slightly acidic

Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in order. • segmental artery • renal artery • arcuate artery • interlobar artery • cortical radiate artery

1) renal artery 2) segmental artery 3) interlobar artery 4) arcuate artery 5) cortical radiate artery

Match the component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. 1. Mesangial cells 2. Juxtaglomerular cells 3. Macula densa -Epithelial cells at end of nephron loop -Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole -Cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries

1. Cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries 2. Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole 3. Epithelial cells at end of nephron loop

The kidney parenchyma is composed of two regions: an outer ________________ and an inner ___________.

1. Cortex 2. Medulla

List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys.

1. Creatinine 2. Urea

Match the component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation. 1. Juxtaglomerular cells 2. Mesangial cells 3. Mascula Densa -Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin -Monitor tubular fluid -Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries

1. Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin 2. Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries 3. Monitor tubular fluid

List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass. -filtration slit -fenestrated endothelium -basement membrane

1. Fenestrated endothelium 2. Basement Membrane 3. Filtration Slits

List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensin system.

1. Increased water retention 2. Vasoconstriction 3. Increased Blood pressure

List the three segments of the male urethra

1. Membranous urethra 2. Spongy Urethra 3. Prostatic urethra

What is the normal range for the pH of urine?

4.5-8.2

The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting the:

Afferent arteriole

Name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water so water reenters the tissue fluid and blood rather than being lost in the urine.

Antidiuretic hormone

Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct?

Distal convoluted tubule

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of _____________ and ___________.

Electrolytes; Acid-base balance

The process of seperating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called _____________.

Excretion

Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of the cell and into the blood by a process called

Fascilitated diffusion

On the indented side of each kidney is an area called the -__________. It is the location where renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney.

Hilum

What leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides?

Increased blood pressure

What does the enzyme renin do?

It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?

It increases the BP.

Nephrons classified as _____________ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla.

Juxtamedullary

The -- -- of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier.

Nephron Loop

The ________________ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.

Nephron loop

What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called?

Net filtration pressure

A urine output of less than 500 ml/day is called _________ and can be due to kidney disease, dehydration, shock and their causes.

Oliguria

The blunt tips of the renal pyramids, from which urine is collected into the calyces, are called renal __________.

Papilla

Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ____________ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.

Peritubular

The micturition center is located in the _________ of the brain stem.

Pons

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular ________________.

Reabsorption

The kidneys regulate osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure by:

Regulating water and sodium output

The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney are called the _______________ .

Renal Plexus

A nephron consists of _________________ and _______________.

Renal corpuscle; renal tubules

Name the length of tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Renal tubule

What is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?

Smooth muscle

During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process?

Solvent drag

The -- nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR.

Sympathetic

What is the function of collecting ducts?

They carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae

The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the _____

Trigone

In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes from the:

Tubular fluid to the blood

The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called -- feedback.

Tubuloglomerular

What is the renal sinus?

a cavity within the kidney

Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone? select all that apply. a) ascending limb of nephron loop b) collecting duct c) descending limb of nephron loop d) distal convoluted tubule e) proximal convoluted tubule

a) ascending limb of nephron loop + b) collecting duct + d) distal convoluted tubule

Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? select all that apply. a) bile acids b) water c) ammonia d) glucose e) urea

a) bile acids + c) ammonia + e) urea

The kidneys perform which of the following functions? select all that apply. a) calcitriol synthesis b) regulation of blood volume c) regulation of blood gases d) regulation of electrolyte balance e) removal of metabolic waste f) storage of iron and copper

a) calcitriol synthesis b) regulation of blood volume d) regulation of electrolyte balance e) removal of metabolic waste

What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? a) filtrate b) urine c) plasma d) tubular fluid

a) filtrate

Which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane? select all that apply. a) glucose b) electrolytes c) water d) blood cells e) albumin

a) glucose + b) electrolytes + c) water

If the glomerular filtration rate is too ___________________, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. a) high b) low

a) high

what is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient? a) it allows the production of very concentrated urine b) it allows the production of very dilute urine c) it allows the reabsorption of a large quantity of salt

a) it allows the production of very concentrated urine

Which symptoms are seen with diabetes mellitus? select all that apply. a) polyuria b) dehydration c) azotemia d) glycosuria e) anuria

a) polyuria + b) dehydration + d) glycosuria

Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? a) proximal convoluted tubule b) distal convoluted tubule c) nephron loop d) collecting duct

a) proximal convoluted tubule

At the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, the parietal layer of the capsule gives rise to what structure? a) renal tubule b) vasa recta c) glomerulus d) efferent arteriole

a) renal tubule

What effect do fibers from the micturition center in the brain have on the sympathetic neurons that control the internal urethral sphincter? a) they inhibit them b) they excite them

a) they inhibit them

Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?

aldosterone

Name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I.

angiotensinogen

Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ____________________.

aquaporins

The salts in the medullary ECF were transported from which limb of the nephron loop?

ascending

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ____________________.

autoregulation

Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? select all that apply. a) angiotensin converting enzyme b) antidiuretic hormone c) epinephrine d) aldosterone e) natriuretic peptides

b) antidiuretic hormone + d) aldosterone + e) natriuretic peptides

Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? a) catabolic nitrogen b) blood urea nitrogen c) azoexcretion

b) blood urea nitrogen

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? a) by regulating water intake b) by regulating water output c) by regulating both water intake and output

b) by regulating water output

The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? a) lymphatic b) colloid osmotic c) blood hydrostatic d) venous osmotic

b) colloid osmotic + c) blood hydrostatic

To measure glomerular filtration rate, a substance that is neither secreted, reabsorbed or metabolized is needed. the compound ___________________ is an example of a substance used to measure GFR. a) glucose b) inulin c) ammonia d) urea

b) inulin

Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? select all that apply. a) the amount of sodium in the blood b) permeability of the filtration membrane c) the level of hydration d) the surface area available for filtration

b) permeability of the filtration membrane d) the surface area available for filtration

As urine stands, it develops a pungent odor due to the degradation of what? a) creatinine to urea b) urea to ammonia c) ammonia to sulfuric acid d) glucose to lactate

b) urea to ammonia

The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? a) vasa recta b) juxtaglomerular apparatus c) glomerular capsule d) macula densa

c) glomerular capsule

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? a) nephron loop b) afferent arteriole c) glomerulus d) juxtaglomerular apparatus e) glomerular capsule

c) glomerulus e) glomerular capsule

What does diabetes insipidus result from? a) hyposecretion of insulin b) hypersecretion of insulin c) hyposecretion of ADH d) hypersecretion of ADH

c) hyposecretion of ADH

What are the mechanisms of peritubular capillary absorption? a) active transport and solvent drag b) osmosis and bulk transport c) osmosis and solvent drag d) active and passive transport

c) osmosis and solvent drag

What is tubular secretion? a) the movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the blood b) the movement of water and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

The volume of blood plasma from which waste is completely removes in one minute is called the renal _____

clearance

Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. this is the role of the __________________ duct.

collecting

What is a nephron? a) a structure that collects urine b) a glomerulus and its capsule c) a capillary bed within the medulla d) a functional unit of the kidney

d) a functional unit of the kidney

Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ____ in the mean arterial blood pressure

decrease

Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ____________________.

decreased

A decreased GFR in a(n) _____ urine volume and ____ blood volume

decreased; increased

The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the __________________ muscle.

detrusor

A chemical that increases urine volume is called a _________________.

diuretic

The __________________ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.

efferent

The kidneys produce ___________________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin

The glomerulus is composed of __________________ capillaries.

fenestrated

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form glomerular ______

filtrate

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecule?

hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood ____ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.

hydrostatic

Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) forces fluid ____ the glomerular capillaries

into

How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries?

it can scar them

What is the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?

it decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption

How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?

it increases the permeability

The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal _________________.

medulla

The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within what?

medulla

The process of urination, or voiding urine is called _________________.

micturition

The ________________ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

peritubular

The wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of _____ ____ epithelium

simple cuboidal

The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ___________________.

sodium

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its __________________ __________________.

specific gravity

Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. this type of transport protein is called a ____________________.

symport

Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water a) thin b) thin and thick c) thick

thin

Name the condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels. symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea and cardiac arrhythmia.

uremia

What structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger?

vasa recta

Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes from the (inner) __________________ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the (outer) __________________ layer.

visceral; parietal