A&P Ch 23: Urinary
List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop.
-Chloride -Potassium Ions -Sodium Ions
What is the normal pH of urine? -slightly basic -slightly acidic -neutral
-slightly acidic
Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in order. • segmental artery • renal artery • arcuate artery • interlobar artery • cortical radiate artery
1) renal artery 2) segmental artery 3) interlobar artery 4) arcuate artery 5) cortical radiate artery
Match the component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. 1. Mesangial cells 2. Juxtaglomerular cells 3. Macula densa -Epithelial cells at end of nephron loop -Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole -Cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries
1. Cells between arterioles and amongst glomerular capillaries 2. Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole 3. Epithelial cells at end of nephron loop
The kidney parenchyma is composed of two regions: an outer ________________ and an inner ___________.
1. Cortex 2. Medulla
List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys.
1. Creatinine 2. Urea
Match the component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation. 1. Juxtaglomerular cells 2. Mesangial cells 3. Mascula Densa -Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin -Monitor tubular fluid -Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries
1. Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin 2. Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries 3. Monitor tubular fluid
List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass. -filtration slit -fenestrated endothelium -basement membrane
1. Fenestrated endothelium 2. Basement Membrane 3. Filtration Slits
List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
1. Increased water retention 2. Vasoconstriction 3. Increased Blood pressure
List the three segments of the male urethra
1. Membranous urethra 2. Spongy Urethra 3. Prostatic urethra
What is the normal range for the pH of urine?
4.5-8.2
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting the:
Afferent arteriole
Name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water so water reenters the tissue fluid and blood rather than being lost in the urine.
Antidiuretic hormone
Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct?
Distal convoluted tubule
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of _____________ and ___________.
Electrolytes; Acid-base balance
The process of seperating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called _____________.
Excretion
Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of the cell and into the blood by a process called
Fascilitated diffusion
On the indented side of each kidney is an area called the -__________. It is the location where renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney.
Hilum
What leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides?
Increased blood pressure
What does the enzyme renin do?
It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?
It increases the BP.
Nephrons classified as _____________ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla.
Juxtamedullary
The -- -- of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier.
Nephron Loop
The ________________ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.
Nephron loop
What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called?
Net filtration pressure
A urine output of less than 500 ml/day is called _________ and can be due to kidney disease, dehydration, shock and their causes.
Oliguria
The blunt tips of the renal pyramids, from which urine is collected into the calyces, are called renal __________.
Papilla
Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ____________ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.
Peritubular
The micturition center is located in the _________ of the brain stem.
Pons
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular ________________.
Reabsorption
The kidneys regulate osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure by:
Regulating water and sodium output
The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney are called the _______________ .
Renal Plexus
A nephron consists of _________________ and _______________.
Renal corpuscle; renal tubules
Name the length of tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Renal tubule
What is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?
Smooth muscle
During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process?
Solvent drag
The -- nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR.
Sympathetic
What is the function of collecting ducts?
They carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae
The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the _____
Trigone
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes from the:
Tubular fluid to the blood
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called -- feedback.
Tubuloglomerular
What is the renal sinus?
a cavity within the kidney
Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone? select all that apply. a) ascending limb of nephron loop b) collecting duct c) descending limb of nephron loop d) distal convoluted tubule e) proximal convoluted tubule
a) ascending limb of nephron loop + b) collecting duct + d) distal convoluted tubule
Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? select all that apply. a) bile acids b) water c) ammonia d) glucose e) urea
a) bile acids + c) ammonia + e) urea
The kidneys perform which of the following functions? select all that apply. a) calcitriol synthesis b) regulation of blood volume c) regulation of blood gases d) regulation of electrolyte balance e) removal of metabolic waste f) storage of iron and copper
a) calcitriol synthesis b) regulation of blood volume d) regulation of electrolyte balance e) removal of metabolic waste
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? a) filtrate b) urine c) plasma d) tubular fluid
a) filtrate
Which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane? select all that apply. a) glucose b) electrolytes c) water d) blood cells e) albumin
a) glucose + b) electrolytes + c) water
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ___________________, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. a) high b) low
a) high
what is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient? a) it allows the production of very concentrated urine b) it allows the production of very dilute urine c) it allows the reabsorption of a large quantity of salt
a) it allows the production of very concentrated urine
Which symptoms are seen with diabetes mellitus? select all that apply. a) polyuria b) dehydration c) azotemia d) glycosuria e) anuria
a) polyuria + b) dehydration + d) glycosuria
Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? a) proximal convoluted tubule b) distal convoluted tubule c) nephron loop d) collecting duct
a) proximal convoluted tubule
At the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, the parietal layer of the capsule gives rise to what structure? a) renal tubule b) vasa recta c) glomerulus d) efferent arteriole
a) renal tubule
What effect do fibers from the micturition center in the brain have on the sympathetic neurons that control the internal urethral sphincter? a) they inhibit them b) they excite them
a) they inhibit them
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone
Name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I.
angiotensinogen
Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ____________________.
aquaporins
The salts in the medullary ECF were transported from which limb of the nephron loop?
ascending
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ____________________.
autoregulation
Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? select all that apply. a) angiotensin converting enzyme b) antidiuretic hormone c) epinephrine d) aldosterone e) natriuretic peptides
b) antidiuretic hormone + d) aldosterone + e) natriuretic peptides
Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? a) catabolic nitrogen b) blood urea nitrogen c) azoexcretion
b) blood urea nitrogen
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? a) by regulating water intake b) by regulating water output c) by regulating both water intake and output
b) by regulating water output
The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? a) lymphatic b) colloid osmotic c) blood hydrostatic d) venous osmotic
b) colloid osmotic + c) blood hydrostatic
To measure glomerular filtration rate, a substance that is neither secreted, reabsorbed or metabolized is needed. the compound ___________________ is an example of a substance used to measure GFR. a) glucose b) inulin c) ammonia d) urea
b) inulin
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? select all that apply. a) the amount of sodium in the blood b) permeability of the filtration membrane c) the level of hydration d) the surface area available for filtration
b) permeability of the filtration membrane d) the surface area available for filtration
As urine stands, it develops a pungent odor due to the degradation of what? a) creatinine to urea b) urea to ammonia c) ammonia to sulfuric acid d) glucose to lactate
b) urea to ammonia
The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? a) vasa recta b) juxtaglomerular apparatus c) glomerular capsule d) macula densa
c) glomerular capsule
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? a) nephron loop b) afferent arteriole c) glomerulus d) juxtaglomerular apparatus e) glomerular capsule
c) glomerulus e) glomerular capsule
What does diabetes insipidus result from? a) hyposecretion of insulin b) hypersecretion of insulin c) hyposecretion of ADH d) hypersecretion of ADH
c) hyposecretion of ADH
What are the mechanisms of peritubular capillary absorption? a) active transport and solvent drag b) osmosis and bulk transport c) osmosis and solvent drag d) active and passive transport
c) osmosis and solvent drag
What is tubular secretion? a) the movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the blood b) the movement of water and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
The volume of blood plasma from which waste is completely removes in one minute is called the renal _____
clearance
Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. this is the role of the __________________ duct.
collecting
What is a nephron? a) a structure that collects urine b) a glomerulus and its capsule c) a capillary bed within the medulla d) a functional unit of the kidney
d) a functional unit of the kidney
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ____ in the mean arterial blood pressure
decrease
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ____________________.
decreased
A decreased GFR in a(n) _____ urine volume and ____ blood volume
decreased; increased
The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the __________________ muscle.
detrusor
A chemical that increases urine volume is called a _________________.
diuretic
The __________________ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.
efferent
The kidneys produce ___________________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
The glomerulus is composed of __________________ capillaries.
fenestrated
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form glomerular ______
filtrate
Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecule?
hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood ____ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.
hydrostatic
Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) forces fluid ____ the glomerular capillaries
into
How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries?
it can scar them
What is the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?
it decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption
How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
it increases the permeability
The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal _________________.
medulla
The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within what?
medulla
The process of urination, or voiding urine is called _________________.
micturition
The ________________ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
peritubular
The wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of _____ ____ epithelium
simple cuboidal
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ___________________.
sodium
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its __________________ __________________.
specific gravity
Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. this type of transport protein is called a ____________________.
symport
Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water a) thin b) thin and thick c) thick
thin
Name the condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels. symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea and cardiac arrhythmia.
uremia
What structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger?
vasa recta
Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes from the (inner) __________________ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the (outer) __________________ layer.
visceral; parietal