A&P Ch.24
Chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of what hormones in the digestive tract?
GIP, VIP, CCK, and secretin
An ulcerated stomach lining often repairs itself once the source of inflammation has been eliminated. How is this possible?
The tissue lining the stomach is an epithelium and thus is capable of repair and renewal.
During digestion of triglycerides, fatty acids enter the intestinal mucosa by diffusion; then, they are resynthesized into triglycerides. Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens next?
The triglycerides are coated with proteins and then secreted into the interstitial fluid, where they diffuse into intestinal lacteals.
Which is not true of pancreatic enzymes? Their primary site of action is the pancreas. The majority are proteases. Most are secreted as proenzymes. They digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They are produced by exocrine tissue.
Their primary site of action is the pancreas
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for
abnormal erythropoiesis
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except mechanical processing of food. sensory analysis of material before swallowing. digestion of carbohydrates. lubrication. absorption of monosaccharides.
absorption of monosaccharides.
Functions of the stomach include all of the following except mechanical breakdown of food. absorption of triglycerides. storage of ingested food. denaturation of proteins. initiation of protein digestion.
absorption of triglycerides
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the
duodenum
The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the
duodenum
Which of the processes below occurs during the buccal phase of deglutition? folding of the epiglottis to cover the glottis elevation of the uvula and soft palate to block passage into the nasopharynx opening of the upper esophageal sphincter passing of bolus through the palatopharyngeal arch
elevation of the uvula and soft palate to block passage into the nasopharynx
Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following except
emulsification forming small micelles.
An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucin production by the submucosal duodenal glands is
enterocrinin
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
entry of food into the stomach.
Haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon.
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
fats
What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum?
feces causing distension in the rectum
Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and
fructose
Identify the stomach region labeled "12."
fundus
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is
gastrin
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
greater omentum
The essential functions of the liver include all of the following except bile production. albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. hormonal regulation. hematological regulation. metabolic regulation.
hormonal regulation
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
ileum
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
Circular folds and intestinal villi
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum
The villi are most developed in the
jejunum
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
lactose
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
large intestine
Identify the stomach region labeled "5."
lesser curvature
Which group of nutrients is being absorbed by this process?
lipids
Distension of the gastric wall leads to secretion of histamines from the lamina propria. This is an example of ________ response.
local
The teniae coli are
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall.
Identify the structure labeled "3."
longitudinal muscle layer
Products of fat digestion are transported initially by
lymphatic vessels.
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
mass movements
The technical term for chewing is
mastication
Digestion refers to the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.
mesentery proper
Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called
micelles
Which teeth have flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding?
molars
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the
parotid glands
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Circular folds are
pleats in the lining of the small intestine.
The enzyme amylase digests
polysaccharides (carbohydrates/starches)
All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. precedes the gastric phase. functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. begins when chyme enters the small intestine.
precedes the gastric phase
In thinking about system integration, chose the organ system that does NOT have a direct interaction with the digestive system. reproductive muscular skeletal endocrine
reproductive
All of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine except intestinal movements. the villi. the circular folds. rugae. the microvilli.
rugae
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
rugae
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
secretin
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels sensory neural network component of mucosa coordinates activity of muscularis externa secretes a watery fluid
sensory neural network
A colonoscopy is a common diagnostic tool to check for colorectal cancer. Sometimes an investigation of the distal segment of the colon is all that is needed. What is the name of this distal segment of the colon?
sigmoid
What type of epithelium covers the structure labeled "6"?
simple columnar
What organ sits closest to the point indicated by the arrow?
spleen
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to
stimulate hunger.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term gastrin? carries absorbed sugars and amino acids causes gallbladder to contract stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid stimulates gastric secretion where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum
stimulates gastric secretion
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the anal canal. esophagus. stomach. oral cavity. oropharynx.
stomach
The epithelium lining the oropharynx is
stratified squamous epithelium
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
submucosa
What is the layer labeled "3"?
submucosa
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
submucosal nerve plexus
What part of the digestive tract is shown in this image?
the small intestine
How many pairs of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity?
three
What is the function of the green-colored structure indicated by the arrow?
transport of lipids
At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the
transverse colon
An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is
trypsin
What chemical is found in the fluid that flows through the indicated duct?
trypsinogen
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?
10
Identify the stomach region with abundant mucous glands.
2
There are normally a total of ________ deciduous teeth.
20
There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.
32
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae
4, 1, 6, 2, 3, 5
Which structure(s) help(s) the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?
9 (rugae of mucosa)
Which of these statements about water balance in the digestive system is true? About 2000 ml/day enter by mouth. About 150-200 ml/day are lost in the feces. About 7000 ml/day enter by secretion. All of these statements are true.
All of these statements are true.
Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus.
cardia
To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect?
cardia
The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the
cecum
Arrange the regions of the large intestine in the correct anatomical sequence.
cecum; transverse colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
The root of a tooth is covered by
cement
Contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to
constrict
Which of the following is not true of the structure labeled "5"? is part of the visceral peritoneum has a simple squamous epithelium is called the serosa contains mucus glands contributes to the mesentery of the small intestine
contains mucus glands
The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves
cotransport
Which teeth are also known as canines?
cuspids
The first teeth to appear are the ________ teeth.
deciduous
Match the proenzyme on the left (1-3) with the correct enzyme activator on the right (4-6). 1. pepsinogen 4. enteropeptidase 2. trypsinogen 5. hydrochloric acid 3. procarboxypeptidase 6. trypsin
1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6
What can result from weakening of digestive smooth muscle with age? inflammation of the haustra hemorrhoids constipation
Any of these conditions can occur with age-related weakening of the digestive smooth muscle.
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.
The oral cavity is also known as the
buccal cavity or mouth
Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport? Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported. ATP is not required by the transport protein. Molecules are moved in the same direction. More than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time. Molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient.
Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported.
Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach? Lipid digestion begins in the stomach. Digestion is complete after chyme moves out of the stomach. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. Small proteins can be absorbed with the help of pepsin. Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance? The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase. The stomach produces inadequate amounts of lactase. The person cannot digest any type of monosaccharide. Lactose-intolerant infants cannot digest dairy fat and are at risk of starvation. The enzyme maltase begins to digest lactose.
The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase.
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except the delivery of bile. digestion of lipids and proteins. absorption of water in the large intestines. relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. the composition of pancreatic secretions.
absorption of water in the large intestines
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
appendix
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by
bicarbonate from the pancreas.
The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the
bile duct and the pancreatic duct.
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the colon. pharynx. bladder. stomach. esophagus.
bladder
In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the
blood levels of secretin rise.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
What is the layer labeled "4"?
muscularis externa
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the
myenteric plexus
Identify the structure labeled "10."
oblique muscle layer
Which of the following is not a pharyngeal muscle involved in swallowing? palatopharyngeus stylopharyngeus palatal pharyngeal constrictor muscle omohyoid
omohyoid
Gastric pits are
openings into gastric glands.
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the
oropharynx
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? spleen esophagus pancreas colon appendix
pancreas
What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?
protection from bacteria
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
Identify the stomach region labeled "7."
pyloric part
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pyloric part
What region of the stomach is indicated by the arrow?
pyloris
Functions of the large intestine include
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the
rectum
What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?
regulates gastric emptying
The defecation reflex involves
relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters.
An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is
renin
Which of the following enzymes is not produced by the pancreas? lipase peptidases renin nucleases alpha-amylase
renin