A&P Ch.24

Chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of what hormones in the digestive tract?

GIP, VIP, CCK, and secretin

An ulcerated stomach lining often repairs itself once the source of inflammation has been eliminated. How is this possible?

The tissue lining the stomach is an epithelium and thus is capable of repair and renewal.

During digestion of triglycerides, fatty acids enter the intestinal mucosa by diffusion; then, they are resynthesized into triglycerides. Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens next?

The triglycerides are coated with proteins and then secreted into the interstitial fluid, where they diffuse into intestinal lacteals.

Which is not true of pancreatic enzymes? Their primary site of action is the pancreas. The majority are proteases. Most are secreted as proenzymes. They digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They are produced by exocrine tissue.

Their primary site of action is the pancreas

Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for

abnormal erythropoiesis

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except mechanical processing of food. sensory analysis of material before swallowing. digestion of carbohydrates. lubrication. absorption of monosaccharides.

absorption of monosaccharides.

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except mechanical breakdown of food. absorption of triglycerides. storage of ingested food. denaturation of proteins. initiation of protein digestion.

absorption of triglycerides

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the

duodenum

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the

duodenum

Which of the processes below occurs during the buccal phase of deglutition? folding of the epiglottis to cover the glottis elevation of the uvula and soft palate to block passage into the nasopharynx opening of the upper esophageal sphincter passing of bolus through the palatopharyngeal arch

elevation of the uvula and soft palate to block passage into the nasopharynx

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following except

emulsification forming small micelles.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucin production by the submucosal duodenal glands is

enterocrinin

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach.

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon.

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats

What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum?

feces causing distension in the rectum

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and

fructose

Identify the stomach region labeled "12."

fundus

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is

gastrin

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

The essential functions of the liver include all of the following except bile production. albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. hormonal regulation. hematological regulation. metabolic regulation.

hormonal regulation

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

ileum

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum

Circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would

interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

The middle segment of the small intestine is the

jejunum

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

lactose

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

Identify the stomach region labeled "5."

lesser curvature

Which group of nutrients is being absorbed by this process?

lipids

Distension of the gastric wall leads to secretion of histamines from the lamina propria. This is an example of ________ response.

local

The teniae coli are

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall.

Identify the structure labeled "3."

longitudinal muscle layer

Products of fat digestion are transported initially by

lymphatic vessels.

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements

The technical term for chewing is

mastication

Digestion refers to the

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.

mesentery proper

Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called

micelles

Which teeth have flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding?

molars

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the

parotid glands

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Circular folds are

pleats in the lining of the small intestine.

The enzyme amylase digests

polysaccharides (carbohydrates/starches)

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. precedes the gastric phase. functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. begins when chyme enters the small intestine.

precedes the gastric phase

In thinking about system integration, chose the organ system that does NOT have a direct interaction with the digestive system. reproductive muscular skeletal endocrine

reproductive

All of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine except intestinal movements. the villi. the circular folds. rugae. the microvilli.

rugae

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is

secretin

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels sensory neural network component of mucosa coordinates activity of muscularis externa secretes a watery fluid

sensory neural network

A colonoscopy is a common diagnostic tool to check for colorectal cancer. Sometimes an investigation of the distal segment of the colon is all that is needed. What is the name of this distal segment of the colon?

sigmoid

What type of epithelium covers the structure labeled "6"?

simple columnar

What organ sits closest to the point indicated by the arrow?

spleen

The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to

stimulate hunger.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term gastrin? carries absorbed sugars and amino acids causes gallbladder to contract stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid stimulates gastric secretion where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum

stimulates gastric secretion

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the anal canal. esophagus. stomach. oral cavity. oropharynx.

stomach

The epithelium lining the oropharynx is

stratified squamous epithelium

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

submucosa

What is the layer labeled "3"?

submucosa

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

submucosal nerve plexus

What part of the digestive tract is shown in this image?

the small intestine

How many pairs of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity?

three

What is the function of the green-colored structure indicated by the arrow?

transport of lipids

At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is

trypsin

What chemical is found in the fluid that flows through the indicated duct?

trypsinogen

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

uvula

Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa?

10

Identify the stomach region with abundant mucous glands.

2

There are normally a total of ________ deciduous teeth.

20

There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.

32

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 2, 3, 5

Which structure(s) help(s) the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?

9 (rugae of mucosa)

Which of these statements about water balance in the digestive system is true? About 2000 ml/day enter by mouth. About 150-200 ml/day are lost in the feces. About 7000 ml/day enter by secretion. All of these statements are true.

All of these statements are true.

Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus.

cardia

To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect?

cardia

The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

cecum

Arrange the regions of the large intestine in the correct anatomical sequence.

cecum; transverse colon; sigmoid colon; rectum

The root of a tooth is covered by

cement

Contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to

constrict

Which of the following is not true of the structure labeled "5"? is part of the visceral peritoneum has a simple squamous epithelium is called the serosa contains mucus glands contributes to the mesentery of the small intestine

contains mucus glands

The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves

cotransport

Which teeth are also known as canines?

cuspids

The first teeth to appear are the ________ teeth.

deciduous

Match the proenzyme on the left (1-3) with the correct enzyme activator on the right (4-6). 1. pepsinogen 4. enteropeptidase 2. trypsinogen 5. hydrochloric acid 3. procarboxypeptidase 6. trypsin

1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6

What can result from weakening of digestive smooth muscle with age? inflammation of the haustra hemorrhoids constipation

Any of these conditions can occur with age-related weakening of the digestive smooth muscle.

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.

The oral cavity is also known as the

buccal cavity or mouth

Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport? Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported. ATP is not required by the transport protein. Molecules are moved in the same direction. More than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time. Molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient.

Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported.

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach? Lipid digestion begins in the stomach. Digestion is complete after chyme moves out of the stomach. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. Small proteins can be absorbed with the help of pepsin. Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance? The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase. The stomach produces inadequate amounts of lactase. The person cannot digest any type of monosaccharide. Lactose-intolerant infants cannot digest dairy fat and are at risk of starvation. The enzyme maltase begins to digest lactose.

The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except the delivery of bile. digestion of lipids and proteins. absorption of water in the large intestines. relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. the composition of pancreatic secretions.

absorption of water in the large intestines

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by

bicarbonate from the pancreas.

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the

bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the colon. pharynx. bladder. stomach. esophagus.

bladder

In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the

blood levels of secretin rise.

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

body

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa

What is the layer labeled "4"?

muscularis externa

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

muscularis mucosa

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

myenteric plexus

Identify the structure labeled "10."

oblique muscle layer

Which of the following is not a pharyngeal muscle involved in swallowing? palatopharyngeus stylopharyngeus palatal pharyngeal constrictor muscle omohyoid

omohyoid

Gastric pits are

openings into gastric glands.

Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the

oropharynx

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? spleen esophagus pancreas colon appendix

pancreas

What is the function of the structure labeled "7"?

protection from bacteria

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

Identify the stomach region labeled "7."

pyloric part

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pyloric part

What region of the stomach is indicated by the arrow?

pyloris

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the

rectum

What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

regulates gastric emptying

The defecation reflex involves

relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters.

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is

renin

Which of the following enzymes is not produced by the pancreas? lipase peptidases renin nucleases alpha-amylase

renin