A&P Chapter 1-3 Lecture Official Guide
dehydration synthesis
2 molecules bonded. 1 loses hydrogen and 1 loses hydrogen & oxygen. - (they bond)
DNA and NA
2 types of nucleic acids
proteins
3 D shapes to determine function
receptor, control center, and effector
3 components of homeostasis
enzyme structure
3d shapes. active site - very specific pocket that binds reactant of chemical reaction to a substrate. after is speeds up it will make a product
enzymes
These are critical to life. Our biochemicals wouldn't respond fast enough
suspension
a mixture of relatively large particles (greater than / mm)
water
a neutral solvent fot all living things
nervous system
a regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli and controls the muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory.
homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or steady state in response to changing internal or external conditions
tip
anatomy and physiology are closely tied it is best to stufy them together
ions
atom or group of atoms ( molecule ) with an electron charge
covalent bonds
atoms bond with each other by sharing electrons
organic molecules
carbon, components of living organisms. EX: sugar, protein, lipids.
organization, metabolism, growth & development, responsiveness, regulation
characteristics that describe living things
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, bicarbonate, phosphate
common ions in the body
molecules
composed of atoms bonded covalently
molecular compound
composed of atoms bonded covalently (share)
ionic compound
composed of ions held together by ionic bonds (opposite)
proteins
composed of monomers (amino acids) 20 different amino acids linked to create peptides and polypeptide chain.
endocrine system
consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones. (some of which regulate development, growth, and metabolism) maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume control digestive processes and control reproductive functions.
cardiovascular system
consists of the heat a pump and blood vessels. the heart moves through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick waste products.
amphipathic
contain both polar and non polar. in same molecule. a phospholipid.
solutions
contain dissolved substances called solutes; water is the solvent
male reproductive system
contains ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicle, epididymis, penis
integumentary system
contains hair, skin and associated glands, and nails
cardiovascular system
contains heart and blood vessels
urinary system
contains kidney, ureters, bladder, ureter
female reproductive system
contains mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)
digestive system
contains salivary gland, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
skeletal muscle
contains skull, upper limb bones, sternum, rib, cartilage, vertebrae, sacrum, knee joint
lymphatic system
contains tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, axillary lymph nodes, thoracic duct, spleen, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph nodes, lymph vessel
acids
dissociation in water to form hydrogen ion plus a negatively charged anion
hydrophilic
dissolves in water
inorganic molecules
everything else. EX: water, salts, 02, CO2, acids, bases
matter
everything in the universe is composed of_______-
cold temp
example of negative feed back
urinary system
filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrate waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
physiology
function
anions
gain/receive
disease
homeostasis can result in ______________
survival
homeostasis is critical for ____________
denaturation
homeostatic imbalance can lead to/ unfolding of 3d shapes
endocrine system
hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, testes (male), ovaries (female)
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, human body
levels of organization of the body (in order)
periodic table
lists all of the known elements
cations
lose/donate
O Oxygen, C Carbon, H Hydrogen, N Nitrogen, Ca Calcium, P Phosphorus
major elements of human body
elemtents
matter is composed of ____________
digestive system
mechanically and chemically digests food. absorbs nutrients and expels waste products
S Sulfur, K Potassium, Na Sodium, Cl Chlorine, Mg Magnesium, Fe Iron
minor elements of human body
emulsion
mixture of a water plus a hydrophobic substance (EX: breast milk shaken)
colloid
mixture of smaller particles than those in a suspension but larger than those in a solution
polymer
molecules made pf repeating monomers (subunits)
buffers
molecules or combos of molecules that help prevent changes in pH when acids or bases are added to solution
atom
most fundamental unit of an element is
respiratory system
nasal cavity, nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, lungs
electrons
negative - charge - orbits the nucleus
neutrons
no charge - on the nucleus
protein
organic macromolecule with many different functions
polar molecules
partial charges surrounded by water and share hydrogen atoms (hydrogen bonding) most molecules behave this way.
Muscular System
pectoralis major muscles, aponeurosis, tendons, sartorius muscle.
proteins
polypeptides fold into 3d shapes to become__________
proton
positive + charge - in the nucleus
negative feedback
process in the body controlled. Reversal ( away from the set point ). variable increased far above or below. Set point will reverse
muscular system
produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
female reproductive system
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone); recieves sperm from male; site of fertilization of an oocyte; site of growth and development of an embryo and fetus.
male reproductive system
produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (Testosterone) transfers sperm to the female
enzymes
protein molecules that function to catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions in cells and organisms
integumentary system
provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors.
skeletal muscle
provides support and protection site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production) stores calcium, and phosphorus, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments.
respiratory system
responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide( between blood and the air in the lungs
nervous system
sense organ (eye), brain, spinal cord, nerves
enzymes
sensitive to denaturation by heat, pH changes, ion concentration
non polar bond
shared electrons are = attracted to both atoms. Not attracted to water
polar bonds
shared electrons strongly attracted to 1 atom vs other in bond. Attracted to water
water
solid, liquid, gas
solution
solvent plus solutes
compounds
stable associations between 2 or more elements combine in a fixed ratio
lipids
steroids are
anatomy
structure
gross, microscopic, developmental, and pathologic
subdivisions of anatomy
bases
substances that bind H+ when added to a solution
solutes
substances that dissolves in a solvent
cholesterol
the main example of a steroid lipid and always produced from
DNA
thymine only double helix
lymphatic system
transports and filters lymph interstitial fluid that is collected in and transported through lymph vessels and may participate in an immune response
RNA
uracil only single stranded
solvent
usually a liquid the dissolve solute
Biological Macromolecules
very large organic molecules. produced by cells in living organisms. always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (most common elements). some contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
hydrolysis
water splits and is added back and breaks the bond between 2 molecules
hydrogen
weak bonding between 2 polar molecules
