A&P Chapter 1

what do the pleural cavities hold

the lungs

how are the parietal & visceral membranes 1 membrane?

the parietal serosa folds back onto itself, forming the visceral serosa

everything deep to the chest wall of the thoracic region is considered to be within the

thoracic cavity

the body's trunk is subdivided into 3 major regions established by the body wall:

thoracic; abdominal; and pelvic regions

groups of specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

tissues

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse plane

a cut in the transverse plane is called a

transverse section (or cross section)

closed, fluid filled, & lined by a thin tissue layer

true body cavities

anterior is equivalent to _______

ventral

the internal organs that are enclosed by body cavities

viscera

the ___________ covers the outer surfaces of a lung

visceral pleura

the portion of a serous membrane that directly covers a visceral organ is called the

visceral serosa

the basic, meaningful parts of a term that cannot be broken down into another term with another definition

word roots

anatomy that includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice

clinical anatomy

independent words or word roots that are used in combination with words, prefixes, suffixes, or other combining forms to build a new term

combining forms

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

cytology

microscopic anatomy includes 2 major subdivisions:

cytology; histology

anatomy that describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood

developmental anatomy

a flat muscular sheet

diaphragm

what separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

posterior is equivalent to _______

dorsal

the study of early developmental processes

embryology

a cut in the frontal (coronal) plane is called a __________

frontal section

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

frontral (coronal) plane

involves examining fairly large structures

gross anatomy

human anatomy is divided into 2 categories:

gross anatomy microscopic anatomy

what is the anatomical position

hands at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together

the pericardial cavity surrounds the...

heart

the examination of tissues

histology

study of the structure of the human body

human anatomy

the study of the functions, or workings, of the human body

human physiology

11 organ systems:

integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic; respiratiory; digestive; urinary; reproductive (male & female)

the thoracic cavity is subdivided into the...

left and right pleural cavities

a 2D flat surface

plane

the serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called a

pleura

refers to the back of the body

posterior

body as seen from the back

posterior view

because the moist parietal and visceral serosae are usually in close contact, the body cavities are called...

potential spaces

word elements that are attached to the beginning of words to modify their meaning but cannot stand alone

prefixes

a person lying down is said to be ____________ when face down

prone

the body cavities of the trunk have 2 essential functions:

protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts; they permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

anatomy that focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body

regional anatomy

what is the mediastinum

a large tissue mass

tissues combine to form

organs

the most extensive structural changes take place during the ________________ of development

1st 2 months

the thoracic cavity contains: (3)

2 pleural cavities; pericardial cavity; mediastinum

study of internal & external body structures & their physical relationships among other body parts

Anatomy

all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function

Complementarity of structure & function

study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Physiology

established the worldwide standard for human anatomical terminology

Terminologia Anatomica

the peritoneal cavity surrounds...

abdominal organs

all the structures deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls are said to lie within the

abdominopelvic cavity

formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel)

abdominopelvic quadrants

the highest level of organization that we consider

an individual human

the standard anatomical reference for the human form is the

anatomical position

body as seen from the front

anterior view

the smallest stable units of matter

atoms

ventral refers to the _________

belly

the study of the functions of cells & is the cornerstone of human physiology

cell physiology

examples of physiology:

cell physiology; organ physiology; systemic physiology; pathological physiology

the simplest units of life

cells

6 levels of organization of the human body:

chemical level; cellular level; tissue level; organ level; organ system level; organism level

pleural cavities surround the...

lungs

the thoracic cavity contains: (7)

lungs; heart; associated organs of the respiratory system; associated organs of the cardiovascular system; associated organs of the lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; the thymus

gross anatomy is also called

macroscopic anatomy

the pleural cavities are separated by...

mediastinum

special language that involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease

medical terminology

gross anatomy can be conducted without using a ___________ and can involve the study of anatomy by ______________

microscope; dissecting a cadaver

deals with the structures that we cannot see without magnification

microscopic anatomy

if the sagittal plane lies in the middle, it is called a

midsagittal plane

atoms combine to form ___________ with complex shapes

molecules

the study of the function of specific organs

organ physiology

a group of organs interacting to perform a particular function forms a _______________

organ system

complex molecules can form various types of larger structures called

organelles

an individual life form is a

organism

made of 2 or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

organs

if the sagittal plane is offset from the middle, it is called a

parasagittal plane

the _________ covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall

parietal pleura

the opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber is called the

parietal serosa

examples of clinical anatomy:

pathological anatomy; radiographic anatomy; surgical anatomy

study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

pathological physiology

9 abdominopelvic regions

right hypochondriac region; left hypochondriac region; epigastric region; right lumbar region; left lumbar region; umbilicial region; right inguinal region; left inguinal region; hypogastric (pubic) region

4 abdominopelvic quadrants:

right upper quadrant (RUQ); right lower quadrant (RLQ); left upper quadrant (LUQ); left lower quadrant (LLQ)

vertical plane that divides the body into left & right portions

sagittal plane

a cut in the sagittal plane is called a

sagittal section

a system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation & experimentation

scientific method

a single view or slice along a plane

section

study of the relationship of the body's structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ

sectional anatomy

any section through a 3D object can be described in reference to a

sectional plane

watery fluid that moistens serous membranes, coats opposing surfaces, and reduces friction

serous fluid

what lines the walls of the internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed viscera

serous membrane

thin tissue layer that lines true body cavities

serous membrane, or serosa

an objective disease indication (ex: fever)

signs

word elements or letters added to the end of a word or word part to form another term

suffixes

a person lying down is said to be ___________ when face up

supine

study of the general form of the body's surface

surface anatomy

6 forms of gross anatomy:

surface anatomy; regional anatomy; sectional anatomy; systemic anatomy; clinical anatomy; developmental anatomy

a subjective disease indication (ex: tiredness)

symptoms

the study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

systemic anatomy

includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems

systemic physiology