A&P Chapter 13 Blood
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
Dissolves clots already formed.
Vitamin K
Drug that is used in aiding blood to clot.
Coumadin or Warfarin
Drug that prevents clots from forming. Anticoagulant.
Platelets
Essential in blood clotting; thrombocytes
Thrombosis
Formation of a clot in the blood vessel
Phagocytosis
Ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell.
Fibrin
Insoluble protein in clotted blood.
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells. Responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Iron and Folate are needed to manufacture this.
Myeloid Tissue
Known as red bone marrow; forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes.
Plasma
Liquid fraction of whole blood minus formed elements. Most abundant type of solute in the plasma are their plasma proteins.
Erythrocyte
RBC, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Tough and flexible plasma membrane allows for passing through smaller capillaries. Biconcave disk (resulting in large cellular surface area) Absence of nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles limits life span to about 120 days. Iron(fe); folate(a B vitamin), and vitamin B12 are essential for hemoglobin formation.
Thrombin
Reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin.
Rh Positive
Red blood cells that contain an antigen called Rh factor.
Rh Negative
Red blood cells that do not contain the antigen called Rh factor.
Lymphoid Neoplasm
Result from B and T lymphocyte precursor cells or their descendant cell types.
Myeloid Neoplasm
Result from Malignant transformation of precursor cells of granulocytic WBCs, monocytes, RBCs, and platelets.
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell numbers in blood. May occur with malfunction of blood-forming tissues or diseases affecting immunity such as AIDS.
Deficiency Anemias
Caused by an inadequate supply of some substance needed for RBC or hemoglobin production.
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Caused by blood loss; Acute=blood loss is immediate (surgery or trauma); Chronic=blood loss occurs over time (ulcer or cancer)
Hemolytic Anemia
Caused by decreased RBC life span or increased RBC rate of destruction. Symptoms, such as jaundice, swelling of spleen, gallstone formation, and tissue iron deposits are related to retention of RBC breakdown products. 2 types - sickle cell and Thalassemia.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Caused by deficiency or inability to absorb iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis. RBCs are microcytic and hypochromic. Hematocrit is decreased. Treatment is oral iron supplements.
Formed Element
Cellular (RBC, WBC, platelets) fraction of blood.
Aplastic Anemia
Characterized by low RBC numbers and destruction of bone marrow. Often caused by high-dose exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, or certain drugs.
Embolus
Circulating blood clot
Rh System
Classification of blood based on the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of a unique antigen on the surface of RBCs.
Prothrombin Activator
Combination of clotting factors and circulating plasma proteins that initiates conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting mechanism.
Acidosis
Condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Condition of a fetus or infant caused by the mother's Rh antibodies reacting with the baby's Rh-positive RBC's, characterized by massive agglutination of the blood and resulting in life-threatening circulatory problems.
Anemia
Deficient number of RBC's or deficient hemoglobin. Signs & Symptoms - fatigue, skin pallor; weakness; faintness; headache; body compensates by increasing heart and respiratory rates
Heparin
Delays clotting by inhibiting conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Leukocytosis
Abnormally high white blood cell numbers in blood. Frequently found in bacterial infections. Classic sign of blood cancer; Leukemia
Function of Blood
To carry substances from one part of the body to another.
Hematocrit
Volume percent of blood cells in whole blood
Thrombocytopenia
General term referring to an abnormally low blood platelet count.
ABO System
Human blood classification system based on RBC antigens (A,B,AB, and O) and their corresponding antibodies.
Mononucleosis
Infectious, noncancerous WBC disorder, likely to occur between ages 15-25, transmitted by saliva, viral infection, "kissing disease", 4-6 weeks duration
Calcium
Must be present at all times in the blood for it to clot properly.
Polycythemia
Overproduction of RBC's. Cause is general cancerous transformation of red bone marrow. Signs & Symptoms - increased blood viscosity or thickness; slow blood flow and coagulation problems; frequent hemorrhages; distention of blood vessels and HTN.
Macrophage
Phagocytic cells in the immune system. Essential to monocytes.
Albumins
Plasma protein. Helps retain water in the blood.
Globulins
Plasma protein. Includes the antibodies that protest from infections.
Prothrombin
Plasma protein; A protein present in the normal blood that is required for clotting.
Fibrinogen
Plasma protein; Soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Severe, possibly fatal, hereditary disease caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Type of hemolytic anemia. Common in African Americans. RBCs become fragile and assume sickled shape when blood oxygen levels decrease. Affects 1 in every 600 African American newborns.
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot; not moving; leads to MI
Antibody
Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body.
Antigen
Substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it.
Plasma Proteins
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin
Calcium
An essential element needed for blood to clot.
Polycythemia
An excessive number of red blood cells
Leukocyte
Another name for WBC
Agglutinate
Antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together.
Heparin
Anticoagulant, prevents clots from forming.
Hemophilia
Any of a group of X-linked inherited blood clotting disorders caused by a failure to for a clot. Can bleed to death.
Blood pH
Blood is alkaline which means any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH ions - normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45
Serum
Blood plasma minus its clotting factors (fibrinogen & prothrombin); still contains antibodies.
Type A blood
Blood type that has A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
Type B blood
Blood type that has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer of B Lymphocytes called plasma cells. Most deadly blood cancer in people over 65. Causes bone marrow dysfunction and production of defective antibodies. Recurrent infections and anemia, destruction and fracture of bones.
Pernicious Anemia
Type of Deficiency Anemia. Caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency. Genetic-related autoimmune disease. Decreased RBC, WBC, platelets Treatment is with repeated B12 injections.
Folate Anemia
Type of Deficiency Anemia. Caused by folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency. Decreased RBC count Common in alcoholism and malnutrition.
Thalassemia
Type of Hemolytic Anemia. Group of inherited hemolytic anemias occurring primarily in Mediterranean descent. RBCs are microcytic and short lived.
Type O blood
Universal Donor. Does not have neither A or B antigens. Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Type AB blood
Universal Recipient. Has both A and B antigens. No antibodies.
Leukemia
WBC related blood cancers.
Phagocyte
WBC that engulfs microbes and digests them.
Lymphocyte
WBC, nongranular; Two types-B cell and T cell.
Monocyte
WBC, nongranular; largest WBC; involved with phagocytosis. Becomes a macrophage as it moves into tissue.
Eosinophil
WBC; granulocyte; defense against parasites, parasitic worms.
Neutrophil/Neutrocyte
WBC; granulocyte; most numerous type of phagocyte; immune defense
Basophil
WBC; granulocyte; secrete heparin, inflammatory response