A&P Chapter 13 Blood

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

Dissolves clots already formed.

Vitamin K

Drug that is used in aiding blood to clot.

Coumadin or Warfarin

Drug that prevents clots from forming. Anticoagulant.

Platelets

Essential in blood clotting; thrombocytes

Thrombosis

Formation of a clot in the blood vessel

Phagocytosis

Ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell.

Fibrin

Insoluble protein in clotted blood.

Hemoglobin

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells. Responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Iron and Folate are needed to manufacture this.

Myeloid Tissue

Known as red bone marrow; forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes.

Plasma

Liquid fraction of whole blood minus formed elements. Most abundant type of solute in the plasma are their plasma proteins.

Erythrocyte

RBC, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Tough and flexible plasma membrane allows for passing through smaller capillaries. Biconcave disk (resulting in large cellular surface area) Absence of nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles limits life span to about 120 days. Iron(fe); folate(a B vitamin), and vitamin B12 are essential for hemoglobin formation.

Thrombin

Reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin.

Rh Positive

Red blood cells that contain an antigen called Rh factor.

Rh Negative

Red blood cells that do not contain the antigen called Rh factor.

Lymphoid Neoplasm

Result from B and T lymphocyte precursor cells or their descendant cell types.

Myeloid Neoplasm

Result from Malignant transformation of precursor cells of granulocytic WBCs, monocytes, RBCs, and platelets.

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell numbers in blood. May occur with malfunction of blood-forming tissues or diseases affecting immunity such as AIDS.

Deficiency Anemias

Caused by an inadequate supply of some substance needed for RBC or hemoglobin production.

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Caused by blood loss; Acute=blood loss is immediate (surgery or trauma); Chronic=blood loss occurs over time (ulcer or cancer)

Hemolytic Anemia

Caused by decreased RBC life span or increased RBC rate of destruction. Symptoms, such as jaundice, swelling of spleen, gallstone formation, and tissue iron deposits are related to retention of RBC breakdown products. 2 types - sickle cell and Thalassemia.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Caused by deficiency or inability to absorb iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis. RBCs are microcytic and hypochromic. Hematocrit is decreased. Treatment is oral iron supplements.

Formed Element

Cellular (RBC, WBC, platelets) fraction of blood.

Aplastic Anemia

Characterized by low RBC numbers and destruction of bone marrow. Often caused by high-dose exposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, or certain drugs.

Embolus

Circulating blood clot

Rh System

Classification of blood based on the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of a unique antigen on the surface of RBCs.

Prothrombin Activator

Combination of clotting factors and circulating plasma proteins that initiates conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting mechanism.

Acidosis

Condition in which there is an excessive proportion of acid in the blood and thus an abnormally low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Condition of a fetus or infant caused by the mother's Rh antibodies reacting with the baby's Rh-positive RBC's, characterized by massive agglutination of the blood and resulting in life-threatening circulatory problems.

Anemia

Deficient number of RBC's or deficient hemoglobin. Signs & Symptoms - fatigue, skin pallor; weakness; faintness; headache; body compensates by increasing heart and respiratory rates

Heparin

Delays clotting by inhibiting conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Leukocytosis

Abnormally high white blood cell numbers in blood. Frequently found in bacterial infections. Classic sign of blood cancer; Leukemia

Function of Blood

To carry substances from one part of the body to another.

Hematocrit

Volume percent of blood cells in whole blood

Thrombocytopenia

General term referring to an abnormally low blood platelet count.

ABO System

Human blood classification system based on RBC antigens (A,B,AB, and O) and their corresponding antibodies.

Mononucleosis

Infectious, noncancerous WBC disorder, likely to occur between ages 15-25, transmitted by saliva, viral infection, "kissing disease", 4-6 weeks duration

Calcium

Must be present at all times in the blood for it to clot properly.

Polycythemia

Overproduction of RBC's. Cause is general cancerous transformation of red bone marrow. Signs & Symptoms - increased blood viscosity or thickness; slow blood flow and coagulation problems; frequent hemorrhages; distention of blood vessels and HTN.

Macrophage

Phagocytic cells in the immune system. Essential to monocytes.

Albumins

Plasma protein. Helps retain water in the blood.

Globulins

Plasma protein. Includes the antibodies that protest from infections.

Prothrombin

Plasma protein; A protein present in the normal blood that is required for clotting.

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein; Soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Severe, possibly fatal, hereditary disease caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Type of hemolytic anemia. Common in African Americans. RBCs become fragile and assume sickled shape when blood oxygen levels decrease. Affects 1 in every 600 African American newborns.

Thrombus

Stationary blood clot; not moving; leads to MI

Antibody

Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body.

Antigen

Substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it.

Plasma Proteins

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin

Calcium

An essential element needed for blood to clot.

Polycythemia

An excessive number of red blood cells

Leukocyte

Another name for WBC

Agglutinate

Antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together.

Heparin

Anticoagulant, prevents clots from forming.

Hemophilia

Any of a group of X-linked inherited blood clotting disorders caused by a failure to for a clot. Can bleed to death.

Blood pH

Blood is alkaline which means any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH ions - normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45

Serum

Blood plasma minus its clotting factors (fibrinogen & prothrombin); still contains antibodies.

Type A blood

Blood type that has A antigens and anti-B antibodies.

Type B blood

Blood type that has B antigens and anti-A antibodies.

Multiple Myeloma

Cancer of B Lymphocytes called plasma cells. Most deadly blood cancer in people over 65. Causes bone marrow dysfunction and production of defective antibodies. Recurrent infections and anemia, destruction and fracture of bones.

Pernicious Anemia

Type of Deficiency Anemia. Caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency. Genetic-related autoimmune disease. Decreased RBC, WBC, platelets Treatment is with repeated B12 injections.

Folate Anemia

Type of Deficiency Anemia. Caused by folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency. Decreased RBC count Common in alcoholism and malnutrition.

Thalassemia

Type of Hemolytic Anemia. Group of inherited hemolytic anemias occurring primarily in Mediterranean descent. RBCs are microcytic and short lived.

Type O blood

Universal Donor. Does not have neither A or B antigens. Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Type AB blood

Universal Recipient. Has both A and B antigens. No antibodies.

Leukemia

WBC related blood cancers.

Phagocyte

WBC that engulfs microbes and digests them.

Lymphocyte

WBC, nongranular; Two types-B cell and T cell.

Monocyte

WBC, nongranular; largest WBC; involved with phagocytosis. Becomes a macrophage as it moves into tissue.

Eosinophil

WBC; granulocyte; defense against parasites, parasitic worms.

Neutrophil/Neutrocyte

WBC; granulocyte; most numerous type of phagocyte; immune defense

Basophil

WBC; granulocyte; secrete heparin, inflammatory response