A&P Chapter 18 Blood

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1° C higher

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

The diameter of an erythrocyte is

7.5 μm

A person with erythrocytes that have surface antigen A, but not surface antigen B, is said to have type blood.

A

If a person has blood type AB-, what proteins are located in their red blood cell's membrane?

A and B only

If a person has blood type A+, what proteins are located in their red blood cell's membrane?

A and Rh factor

Which of the statements below is an incorrect or false statement?

Blood typing for the Kell, Lewis, and Duffy factors is always done before a blood transfusion.

is the attraction of leukocytes to a site of infection due to the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens.

Chemotaxis

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is Type AB, Recipient is Type B

A leukocyte that contains reddish-colored granules and a bi-lobed nucleus is a(n)

Eosinophils

When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top.

False

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

It is about 90% water.

are the most numerous type of leukocyte in the blood.

Neutrophils

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Protection

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.

A patient has been injured and is in need of a blood transfusion. When she arrives, doctors determine that she has type O+ blood. What antigens are present on her red blood cells? What antibodies are present in her blood? What blood type(s) can she receive in her blood transfusion?

Rh factor only Anti-A and Anti-B only O+, O-

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

The intrinsic pathway

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

True

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?a: Neutrophilsb: Eosinophilsc: Lymphocytesd: Monocytese: Basophilsf: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

Surface antigens found on erythrocytes are also called based on the response initiated when they interact with antibodies.

agglutinogens

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the:

albumins

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

b, e

A significant increase in the number of neutrophils may indicate a(n) [blank] infection.

bacterial

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

Formed elements that compose less than 1% of white blood cells and are involved in defense against disease are

basophils

The first phase of hemostasis involves:

blood vessel constriction

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to:

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The process of ______________ is the third and final phase of _______________, where the protein fibrin forms a meshwork that catches other elements of the blood.

coagulation; hemostasis

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to:

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

common

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

dark red

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely:

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will:

decrease

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease.

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease.

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens

The main function of leukocytes is to:

defend against pathogens.

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site platelets become activated and their cytoplasm:

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction, plasmin

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma:

electrolytes

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

electrolytes.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

The most numerous of the formed elements, by far, are the:

erythrocytes

Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

false

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are:

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hematopoiesis.

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

hemocytoblast

The process of hematopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called

hemocytoblasts

The molecule to which both oxygen and carbon dioxide can attach in an erythrocyte is called

hemoglobin

The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.

hemoglobin F

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called:

hemopoiesis

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

The two substances secreted by human basophils are [1] and [2].

histamine, heparin.

When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?

if the father is Rh-

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes:

lack a nucleus and organelles.

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

largest, prominent nuclei

A reduced number of leukocytes causes a serious disorder called

leukopenia

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the:

liver and spleen

An agranulocyte with a large, spherical nucleus surrounded by pale blue cytoplasm is a(n)

lymphocyte

T-cells are a category of:

lymphocytes

When monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces, they are called

macrophages

Platelets are derived from large precursor cells called [blank], which reside in the bone marrow.

megakaryocytes

A blood cell that is a precursor to tissue macrophages is a(n)

monocyte

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n):

monocyte

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte.

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

monocytes

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n):

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophil

A significant increase in the number of eosinophils may indicate a(n) [blank] infection.

parasitic

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.

pernicious anemia

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a:

platelet repellant

When a finger is pricked, the blood will quickly stop flowing because of the action of the formed elements called

platelets

Small cellular fragments that are involved in the process of hemostasis are

platelets (thrombocyte)

Glucose is a:

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.

Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________.

rate of erythrocyte formation

An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

Lymphocytes are responsible for initiating the [blank] immune response to infection.

specific

Blood is a ________.

suspension

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Blood is correctly classified as a(n):

tissue

Blood is correctly classified as a

tissue.

Which of the following is not a distribution function of blood?

transport of salts to maintain blood volume

Platelets are formed elements.

true

All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.

vascular spasm

The first phase in hemostasis is:

vascular spasm

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers:

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.

within the normal range