A&P chapter 19 Fluid-Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance
The hormone ____ is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the____ pituitary gland.
ADH/ posterior
State the reaction that takes place as CO2 accumulates.
As more CO2 accumulates, more H+ ions are formed
Most of the water intake for the body is in the form of
Beverages
Acid-Base Balance; ranges are maintained by:
Buffer systems, respiratory system, Kidneys
A State of acidosis affects the
CNS, causing confusion and coma
The direct effect on the kidneys of the hormone aldosterone is too
Increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium
How does this affect the reabsorption of water by the kidneys?
Increases
The respiratory system will compensate for a metabolic acidosis by
Increasing the respiratory rate to exhale more CO2
Proteins are significant anions in which these fluids?
Plasma and intracellular fluid.
ICF
The principal cation is K+. The principal anion is HPO4-2. Protein anions are abundant.
Blood plasma
The principal cation is Na+. The principal anion is Cl-. Protein anions are significant.
Filtration
The process in which water and dissolved materials move through a membrane from an area higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
pH below 7
pH below 7—acidic
The absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine and kidneys is increased by
parathyroid hormone
Sulfate (SO4-2)
part of some amino acids and proteins
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
part of the bicarbonate buffer system
Most abundant cation in tissue fluid
Most abundant cation in tissue fluid—sodium
Most abundant cation in tissue fluid
Most abundant intracellular cation—potassium
What other names are appropriate for most electrolytes?
Most electrolytes are minerals, or salts, and many may also be called trace elements.
The bicarbonate buffer system buffers HCl by reacting to form
NaCl and H2CO3
Anions are___ ions.
Negative
Normal pH range of blood
Normal pH range of blood—7.35 to 7.45
amine group
The NH2 portion of a molecule such as an amino acid
osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is regulated by the concentration of electrolytes in body fluids (osmolarity).
A buffer system consists of
a weak acid and a weak base.
The hormone ____ is produced by the adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney tubules.
aldosterone
edema
an abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid; may be localized or systemic
anions
an ion with a negative charge
cations
an ion with a positive charge
Location of cerebrospinal fluid
around and within the CNS
A patient with untreated diabetes who is in a state of ketoacidosis will
be breathing rapidly
The kidneys have the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing pH change
because they can create bicarbonate ions and remove H+ ions from the body.
Location of serous fluid
between membranes such as the pleural membranes
The kidney tubule cells use the bicarbonate buffer system to
excrete H+ ions to raise blood pH to the normal range
Smaller amounts of water are also lost in___ & ___.
exhaled water vapor, feces
All the water found outside cells is called
extracellular fluid
A secondary source of water is the water in
food
The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the
hypothalamus
Phosphate buffer system
important in ICF and in the kidneys, Consists of Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4.
Protein buffer system
important in ICF, An amino acid may act as an acid or a base.
Bicarbonate buffer system
important in blood and tissue fluid, Consists of NaHCO3 and H2CO3, in a ratio of 20 to 1
Location of plasma
in blood vessels
Buffer systems react
in less than a second.
Location of lymph
in lymph vessels
Location of tissue fluid
in tissue spaces between cells
The function of ADH is to____ by the kidneys.
increase the reabsorption of water
The function of ADH is to
increase the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
When the body is dehydrated, the osmolarity of body fluid___ because there is more dissolve material in proportion to water.
increases
Most electrolytes are __ molecules that include ___,___, and ___.
inorganic/ salts/ acids/ bases
The average amount of water loss from the average person per day (moderate temperature, no prolonged exercise) is
2 - 3 liters
water makes up total body %
55-70
The average pH range of blood is
7.35 - 7.45
The normal pH range of blood is
7.35-7.45
ANP
A hormone involved in correcting overhydration
The hormone that increases renal excretion of sodium ions is
ANP
The hormone that increases the excretion of Na+ ions by the kidney is
ANP
If blood volume or BP increases, the heart will produce the hormone ____, which will ___ the excretion of sodium ions and water.
ANP/ increase
The hormone that increases the excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys is
Aldosterone
The hormone that increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys is
Aldosterone
Hormones involved Electrolyte Regulation
Aldosterone, ANP, Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Proteins may act as buffers for either acids or bases, because
An amino group can pick up an excess of H+ ion, a carnival group can donate an H+ ion
The hormone that directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys is
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In what type of situation is ADH secreted?
Dehydration
Respiratory acidosis
Causes: decreased rate or efficiency of respiration such as emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles. Compensation: kidneys excrete H+ ions & reabsorb Na+ ions and HCO3- ions
Respiratory alkalosis
Causes: increase rate of respiration such as anxiety, high altitude. Compensation: kidneys retain H+ ions & excrete Na+ ions & HCO3- ions
Metabolic acidosis
Causes: kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea, or vomiting. Compensation: increased respirations to exhale CO2
Metabolic alkalosis
Causes: over indigestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning. Compensation: increased respirations to retain CO2
Chemical pairs that lessen changes in pH
Chemical pairs that lessen changes in pH—buffer systems
Sodium (Na+)
Create much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; the most abundant cation in ECF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
Potassium (K+)
Creates much of the osmotic pressure in ICF; the most abundant cation in ICF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells
Greatest daily water loss
Greatest daily water loss—urine
Have the greatest capacity to buffer a pH change
Have the greatest capacity to buffer a pH change—kidneys
ADH, Aldosterone
Hormones involved in correcting dehydration
Regulation of water balance of the body is a function of (contains osmoreceptors)
Hypothalamus
The part of the brain that regulates water content of the body is the
Hypothalamus
Acid-Base Balance; Normal pH ranges:
ICF—6.8 to 7.0, Blood, Tissue fluid—similar to the pH range of blood
The largest water compartment of the body is
Intracellular fluid {2/3 of total body water}
The organ or organs that are most responsible for maintaining the normal pH of blood and tissue fluid are
Kidneys
Water Intake
Liquids—1600 mL (average per 24 hours) Foods—700 mL Metabolic water—200 mL Total water intake per 24 hours is about 2.5 liters. Variations are possible.
State two types of situations that stimulate secretion of aldosterone.
Low blood pressure, low blood sodium level
Where does metabolic water come from? Be as specific as you can.
Metabolic water comes from the process of cell respiration, specifically the cytochrome (electron) transport system (the third stage).
Mineral ions in water
Mineral ions in water—electrolytes
Name some specialized fluids.
Specialized fluids include cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, urine, and digestive fluids such as bile.
In a 24 hour period, most water is usually loss from the body
Urine
Water Output
Urine—1500 mL (average per 24 hours) Sweat—500 mL Exhaled water vapor—300 mL Feces—200 mL Total water output per 24 hours: Variations are possible and must be compensated for by changes in fluid intake.
hyponatremia
a low blood sodium level; a consequence of excessive sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. Characterized by dizziness, confusion, weakness, low BP, shock.
The respiratory system may be the cause of
a pH imbalance or may help correct a pH imbalance from some other cause.
hypercalcemia
a high blood calcium level; a consequence of hyperparathyroidism. Characterized by muscle weakness, bone fragility, and possible kidney stones.
hyperkalemia
a high blood potassium level; a consequence of acute renal failure or Addison's disease. Characterized by weakness, abnormal sensations, cardiac arrhythmias, and possible cardiac arrest.
hypernatremia
a high blood sodium level; a consequence of excessive water loss or sodium ingestion. Characterized by lots of ICF and extreme thirst and agitation.
hypocalcemia
a low blood calcium levels; a consequence of hypoparathyroidism or decreased calcium intake. Characterized by muscle spasms leading to tetany.
hypokalemia
a low blood potassium; a consequence of vomiting, diarrhea, or kidney disease. Characterized by fatigue, confusion, possible cardiac failure.
The mechanism that works most rapidly to correct pH balance is the
buffer systems
A small amount of water is produced within the body as a product of the process of
cell respiration
Water will move by osmosis to an area where there are more
cells
In this situation, ADH effects will cause urinary output to
decrease
To compensate for a state of dehydration, urinary output will
decrease
If there is too much water in the body, the secretion of ADH will _____ and urinary output will_____.
decrease/ increase
As water is absorbed by the digestive tract, that osmolarity of the body fluids ____ toward normal.
decreases
If sweating increases, what must be done to compensate?
drink more liquids
The body's major source of water is
drinking liquids
For healthy people, water intake should____ water output.
equal
The water found within cells is called___ fluid and is about___ (fraction) of the total body water.
intracellular/ two-thirds
The respiratory system affects pH, because
it regulates the amount of CO2 present in body fluids.
The mechanism with the greatest capacity to correct an ongoing pH imbalance is the
kidneys
fluid intake
liquids, food, metabolic water
To compensate for acidosis, the kidneys will excrete
more hydrogen ions
Magnesium (Mg+2)
most (50%) is found in bone; more abundant in ICF than ECF; essential for ATP production and activity of neurons in muscle cells
Phosphate (HPO4-2)
most (85%) is found in bones and teeth; primarily and ICF anion; part of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids; part of phosphate buffer system
Calcium (Ca+2)
most (98%) is found in bones & teeth; maintains normal excitability of neurons and muscle cells; essential for blood clotting
Chloride (CI-)
most abundant anion in ECF; diffuses easily into and out of cells; helps regulate osmotic pressure; part of HCI in gastric juices
The specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids are called
osmorecepters
The two processes by which water moves from one compartment to another within the body are
osmosis and filtration
Filtration forces water out of capillaries into tissue spaces, and the name for this water changes from
plasma to tissue fluid
And electrolyte is a substance that, in solution, disassociates into its
positive and negative ions
When electrolytes are in water, they dissociate into their
positive and negative ions.
The intracellular cation that is essential for the repolarization of neurons and muscle cells is
potassium
Tissue fluid
similar to plasma, except that protein anions are insignificant
A secondary pathway of water loss is by way of the___ in the form of ____.
skin/ sweat
In tissue fluid and plasma, the most abundant cation is
sodium
Electrolytes lost in sweating
sodium & chloride ions are the main electrolytes lost in perspiration
The most important cation in extracellular fluid is ___; in intracellular fluid, it is___.
sodium / potassium
osmoreceptors
specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the water content of the body
Dehydration
stimulates the sensation of thirst
(Buffer Systems) These chemicals react with
strong acids or bases and change them to substances that do not greatly affect pH.
electrolytes
substances that, in solution, dissociate into their component ions; include acids, bases, and salts; the positive and negative ions present in body fluids;These ions have specific functions and a range of the amount in each fluid that is needed for homeostasis.
Electrolytes are chemicals
that dissolve in water and dissociate into ions; most are inorganic
carboxyl
the COOH portion of a molecule such as an amino acid
An amino acid is able to buffer a strong acid when
the anime group picks up an excess hydrogen ion
Severe acidosis has its greatest effects on
the central nervous system
The term osmolarity means
the concentration of dissolved materials in a fluid.
osmolarity
the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution
Respiratory acidosis
the result of anything that decreases the rate or efficiency of respiration
In a state of dehydration, a person experiences the sensation of____ and will_____.
thirst/ drink liquids
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of __ in a part or area of the body.
tissue fluid
Buffer systems have the least capacity
to prevent great changes in pH.
Overhydration
too much water
If fluid intake is excessive, however, _____ will increase to return the body's water content to normal.
urinary output
The major pathway of water loss from the body is by the way of the___ system in the form of____.
urinary/ urine
Most of the water output from the body is in the form of
urine
fluid output
urine, sweat, exhaled air (water vapor), feces
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
water outside cells. (Tissue fluid, Plasma, Lymph, Specialized fluids)
Excessive consumption of water will cause a person's kidneys to produce urine
with a low specific gravity
Location of synovial fluid
within joint cavities
Location of aqueous humor
within the eyeball