A&P chapter 19 Fluid-Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

The hormone ____ is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the____ pituitary gland.

ADH/ posterior

State the reaction that takes place as CO2 accumulates.

As more CO2 accumulates, more H+ ions are formed

Most of the water intake for the body is in the form of

Beverages

Acid-Base Balance; ranges are maintained by:

Buffer systems, respiratory system, Kidneys

A State of acidosis affects the

CNS, causing confusion and coma

The direct effect on the kidneys of the hormone aldosterone is too

Increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium

How does this affect the reabsorption of water by the kidneys?

Increases

The respiratory system will compensate for a metabolic acidosis by

Increasing the respiratory rate to exhale more CO2

Proteins are significant anions in which these fluids?

Plasma and intracellular fluid.

ICF

The principal cation is K+. The principal anion is HPO4-2. Protein anions are abundant.

Blood plasma

The principal cation is Na+. The principal anion is Cl-. Protein anions are significant.

Filtration

The process in which water and dissolved materials move through a membrane from an area higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

pH below 7

pH below 7—acidic

The absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine and kidneys is increased by

parathyroid hormone

Sulfate (SO4-2)

part of some amino acids and proteins

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

part of the bicarbonate buffer system

Most abundant cation in tissue fluid

Most abundant cation in tissue fluid—sodium

Most abundant cation in tissue fluid

Most abundant intracellular cation—potassium

What other names are appropriate for most electrolytes?

Most electrolytes are minerals, or salts, and many may also be called trace elements.

The bicarbonate buffer system buffers HCl by reacting to form

NaCl and H2CO3

Anions are___ ions.

Negative

Normal pH range of blood

Normal pH range of blood—7.35 to 7.45

amine group

The NH2 portion of a molecule such as an amino acid

osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis is regulated by the concentration of electrolytes in body fluids (osmolarity).

A buffer system consists of

a weak acid and a weak base.

The hormone ____ is produced by the adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney tubules.

aldosterone

edema

an abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid; may be localized or systemic

anions

an ion with a negative charge

cations

an ion with a positive charge

Location of cerebrospinal fluid

around and within the CNS

A patient with untreated diabetes who is in a state of ketoacidosis will

be breathing rapidly

The kidneys have the greatest capacity to buffer an ongoing pH change

because they can create bicarbonate ions and remove H+ ions from the body.

Location of serous fluid

between membranes such as the pleural membranes

The kidney tubule cells use the bicarbonate buffer system to

excrete H+ ions to raise blood pH to the normal range

Smaller amounts of water are also lost in___ & ___.

exhaled water vapor, feces

All the water found outside cells is called

extracellular fluid

A secondary source of water is the water in

food

The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the

hypothalamus

Phosphate buffer system

important in ICF and in the kidneys, Consists of Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4.

Protein buffer system

important in ICF, An amino acid may act as an acid or a base.

Bicarbonate buffer system

important in blood and tissue fluid, Consists of NaHCO3 and H2CO3, in a ratio of 20 to 1

Location of plasma

in blood vessels

Buffer systems react

in less than a second.

Location of lymph

in lymph vessels

Location of tissue fluid

in tissue spaces between cells

The function of ADH is to____ by the kidneys.

increase the reabsorption of water

The function of ADH is to

increase the reabsorption of water by the kidneys

When the body is dehydrated, the osmolarity of body fluid___ because there is more dissolve material in proportion to water.

increases

Most electrolytes are __ molecules that include ___,___, and ___.

inorganic/ salts/ acids/ bases

The average amount of water loss from the average person per day (moderate temperature, no prolonged exercise) is

2 - 3 liters

water makes up total body %

55-70

The average pH range of blood is

7.35 - 7.45

The normal pH range of blood is

7.35-7.45

ANP

A hormone involved in correcting overhydration

The hormone that increases renal excretion of sodium ions is

ANP

The hormone that increases the excretion of Na+ ions by the kidney is

ANP

If blood volume or BP increases, the heart will produce the hormone ____, which will ___ the excretion of sodium ions and water.

ANP/ increase

The hormone that increases the excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys is

Aldosterone

The hormone that increases the reabsorption of Na+ ions by the kidneys is

Aldosterone

Hormones involved Electrolyte Regulation

Aldosterone, ANP, Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Proteins may act as buffers for either acids or bases, because

An amino group can pick up an excess of H+ ion, a carnival group can donate an H+ ion

The hormone that directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys is

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In what type of situation is ADH secreted?

Dehydration

Respiratory acidosis

Causes: decreased rate or efficiency of respiration such as emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, paralysis of respiratory muscles. Compensation: kidneys excrete H+ ions & reabsorb Na+ ions and HCO3- ions

Respiratory alkalosis

Causes: increase rate of respiration such as anxiety, high altitude. Compensation: kidneys retain H+ ions & excrete Na+ ions & HCO3- ions

Metabolic acidosis

Causes: kidney disease, ketosis, diarrhea, or vomiting. Compensation: increased respirations to exhale CO2

Metabolic alkalosis

Causes: over indigestion of bicarbonate medications, gastric suctioning. Compensation: increased respirations to retain CO2

Chemical pairs that lessen changes in pH

Chemical pairs that lessen changes in pH—buffer systems

Sodium (Na+)

Create much of the osmotic pressure of ECF; the most abundant cation in ECF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells

Potassium (K+)

Creates much of the osmotic pressure in ICF; the most abundant cation in ICF; essential for electrical activity of neurons and muscle cells

Greatest daily water loss

Greatest daily water loss—urine

Have the greatest capacity to buffer a pH change

Have the greatest capacity to buffer a pH change—kidneys

ADH, Aldosterone

Hormones involved in correcting dehydration

Regulation of water balance of the body is a function of (contains osmoreceptors)

Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that regulates water content of the body is the

Hypothalamus

Acid-Base Balance; Normal pH ranges:

ICF—6.8 to 7.0, Blood, Tissue fluid—similar to the pH range of blood

The largest water compartment of the body is

Intracellular fluid {2/3 of total body water}

The organ or organs that are most responsible for maintaining the normal pH of blood and tissue fluid are

Kidneys

Water Intake

Liquids—1600 mL (average per 24 hours) Foods—700 mL Metabolic water—200 mL Total water intake per 24 hours is about 2.5 liters. Variations are possible.

State two types of situations that stimulate secretion of aldosterone.

Low blood pressure, low blood sodium level

Where does metabolic water come from? Be as specific as you can.

Metabolic water comes from the process of cell respiration, specifically the cytochrome (electron) transport system (the third stage).

Mineral ions in water

Mineral ions in water—electrolytes

Name some specialized fluids.

Specialized fluids include cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, urine, and digestive fluids such as bile.

In a 24 hour period, most water is usually loss from the body

Urine

Water Output

Urine—1500 mL (average per 24 hours) Sweat—500 mL Exhaled water vapor—300 mL Feces—200 mL Total water output per 24 hours: Variations are possible and must be compensated for by changes in fluid intake.

hyponatremia

a low blood sodium level; a consequence of excessive sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. Characterized by dizziness, confusion, weakness, low BP, shock.

The respiratory system may be the cause of

a pH imbalance or may help correct a pH imbalance from some other cause.

hypercalcemia

a high blood calcium level; a consequence of hyperparathyroidism. Characterized by muscle weakness, bone fragility, and possible kidney stones.

hyperkalemia

a high blood potassium level; a consequence of acute renal failure or Addison's disease. Characterized by weakness, abnormal sensations, cardiac arrhythmias, and possible cardiac arrest.

hypernatremia

a high blood sodium level; a consequence of excessive water loss or sodium ingestion. Characterized by lots of ICF and extreme thirst and agitation.

hypocalcemia

a low blood calcium levels; a consequence of hypoparathyroidism or decreased calcium intake. Characterized by muscle spasms leading to tetany.

hypokalemia

a low blood potassium; a consequence of vomiting, diarrhea, or kidney disease. Characterized by fatigue, confusion, possible cardiac failure.

The mechanism that works most rapidly to correct pH balance is the

buffer systems

A small amount of water is produced within the body as a product of the process of

cell respiration

Water will move by osmosis to an area where there are more

cells

In this situation, ADH effects will cause urinary output to

decrease

To compensate for a state of dehydration, urinary output will

decrease

If there is too much water in the body, the secretion of ADH will _____ and urinary output will_____.

decrease/ increase

As water is absorbed by the digestive tract, that osmolarity of the body fluids ____ toward normal.

decreases

If sweating increases, what must be done to compensate?

drink more liquids

The body's major source of water is

drinking liquids

For healthy people, water intake should____ water output.

equal

The water found within cells is called___ fluid and is about___ (fraction) of the total body water.

intracellular/ two-thirds

The respiratory system affects pH, because

it regulates the amount of CO2 present in body fluids.

The mechanism with the greatest capacity to correct an ongoing pH imbalance is the

kidneys

fluid intake

liquids, food, metabolic water

To compensate for acidosis, the kidneys will excrete

more hydrogen ions

Magnesium (Mg+2)

most (50%) is found in bone; more abundant in ICF than ECF; essential for ATP production and activity of neurons in muscle cells

Phosphate (HPO4-2)

most (85%) is found in bones and teeth; primarily and ICF anion; part of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids; part of phosphate buffer system

Calcium (Ca+2)

most (98%) is found in bones & teeth; maintains normal excitability of neurons and muscle cells; essential for blood clotting

Chloride (CI-)

most abundant anion in ECF; diffuses easily into and out of cells; helps regulate osmotic pressure; part of HCI in gastric juices

The specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmolarity of body fluids are called

osmorecepters

The two processes by which water moves from one compartment to another within the body are

osmosis and filtration

Filtration forces water out of capillaries into tissue spaces, and the name for this water changes from

plasma to tissue fluid

And electrolyte is a substance that, in solution, disassociates into its

positive and negative ions

When electrolytes are in water, they dissociate into their

positive and negative ions.

The intracellular cation that is essential for the repolarization of neurons and muscle cells is

potassium

Tissue fluid

similar to plasma, except that protein anions are insignificant

A secondary pathway of water loss is by way of the___ in the form of ____.

skin/ sweat

In tissue fluid and plasma, the most abundant cation is

sodium

Electrolytes lost in sweating

sodium & chloride ions are the main electrolytes lost in perspiration

The most important cation in extracellular fluid is ___; in intracellular fluid, it is___.

sodium / potassium

osmoreceptors

specialized cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the water content of the body

Dehydration

stimulates the sensation of thirst

(Buffer Systems) These chemicals react with

strong acids or bases and change them to substances that do not greatly affect pH.

electrolytes

substances that, in solution, dissociate into their component ions; include acids, bases, and salts; the positive and negative ions present in body fluids;These ions have specific functions and a range of the amount in each fluid that is needed for homeostasis.

Electrolytes are chemicals

that dissolve in water and dissociate into ions; most are inorganic

carboxyl

the COOH portion of a molecule such as an amino acid

An amino acid is able to buffer a strong acid when

the anime group picks up an excess hydrogen ion

Severe acidosis has its greatest effects on

the central nervous system

The term osmolarity means

the concentration of dissolved materials in a fluid.

osmolarity

the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

Respiratory acidosis

the result of anything that decreases the rate or efficiency of respiration

In a state of dehydration, a person experiences the sensation of____ and will_____.

thirst/ drink liquids

Edema is an abnormal accumulation of __ in a part or area of the body.

tissue fluid

Buffer systems have the least capacity

to prevent great changes in pH.

Overhydration

too much water

If fluid intake is excessive, however, _____ will increase to return the body's water content to normal.

urinary output

The major pathway of water loss from the body is by the way of the___ system in the form of____.

urinary/ urine

Most of the water output from the body is in the form of

urine

fluid output

urine, sweat, exhaled air (water vapor), feces

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

water outside cells. (Tissue fluid, Plasma, Lymph, Specialized fluids)

Excessive consumption of water will cause a person's kidneys to produce urine

with a low specific gravity

Location of synovial fluid

within joint cavities

Location of aqueous humor

within the eyeball