A&P Chapter 23: The Urinary System
About how many nephrons are in a kidney? Multiple choice question. 1200 1.2 million 12 thousand 1.2 billion
1.2 million
In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about Blank______ mL/min. Multiple choice question. 1500 105 500 15
105
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? Multiple choice question. Renal artery Vasa recta Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Which blood vessel carries blood into a glomerulus? Multiple choice question. Afferent arteriole Vasa recta Peritubular capillary Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Select all that apply Choose all the wastes that are removed from the blood by tubular secretion. Multiple select question. Water Ammonia Glucose Urea Bile acids
Ammonia Urea Bile acids
An antiport transports sodium into the cells of the PCT while pumping hydrogen ions out. What hormone activates this transport? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Angiotensin II Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Select all that apply Choose all the hormones that regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct. Multiple select question. Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Epinephrine Natriuretic peptides Angiotensin converting enzyme
Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Natriuretic peptides
How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? Multiple choice question. As byproducts of lipid catabolism As byproducts of protein catabolism As byproducts of carbohydrate catabolism
As byproducts of protein catabolism
How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? Multiple choice question. By regulating water and sodium output By regulating both water and sodium intake and consumption By regulating water and sodium consumption
By regulating water and sodium output
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? Multiple choice question. By regulating both water intake and output By regulating water output By regulating water intake
By regulating water output
Select all that apply The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? Multiple select question. Lymphatic Colloid osmotic Venous osmotic Blood hydrostatic
Colloid osmotic Blood hydrostatic
Select all that apply What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? Multiple select question. Creatinine Bicarbonate Urea Phosphates
Creatinine Urea
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? Multiple choice question. Increased blood pressure Decreased blood pressure Increased body temperature Decreased body temperature
Decreased blood pressure
The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? Multiple choice question. Ascending limb of the nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct? Multiple choice question. Distal convoluted tubule Vasa recta Juxtaglomerular apparatus Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called? Multiple choice question. Filtration Excretion Reabsorption Secretion
Excretion
The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it. True False
False
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? Multiple choice question. Tubular fluid Urine Filtrate Plasma
Filtrate
The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? Multiple choice question. Glomerular capsule Vasa recta Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa
Glomerular capsule
Select all that apply What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? Multiple select question. Nephron loop Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Juxtaglomerular apparatus Glomerular capsule
Glomerulus Glomerular capsule
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? Multiple choice question. Mesangial cells Granular cells Podocytes Macula densa cells
Granular cells
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? Multiple choice question. Podocytes Macula densa cells Granular cells Mesangial cells
Granular cells
The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? Multiple choice question. Glucose and amino acids Sodium and chloride ions Sodium and potassium ions Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
Where does most tubular reabsorption take place? Multiple choice question. In the nephron loop In the distal convoluted tubule In the proximal convoluted tubule
In the proximal convoluted tubule
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? Multiple choice question. It has no effect on the BP. It decreases the BP. It increases the BP.
It increases the BP.
Which defines the transport maximum? Multiple choice question. It is the upper limit of the volume of water that can be excreted in urine. It is the amount of a solute that can be filtered into the glomerular capsule. It is the fastest rate of glomerular filtration possible in a given nephron. It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.
It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.
Select all that apply What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? Multiple select question. Glomerular capsule Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Mesangial cells Efferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Mesangial cells
Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation. Instructions Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangial cells Macula densa Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries Monitor tubular fluid
Juxtaglomerular cells= Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin Mesangial cells= Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries Macula densa = Monitor tubular fluid
Select all that apply What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? Multiple select question. Mesangial cells Efferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Glomerular capsule
Mesangial cells Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa
Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. Instructions Mesangial cells Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa cells Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries
Mesangial cells = Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries Juxtaglomerular cells = Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole Macula densa cells = Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? Multiple choice question. Mitochondria Microvilli Cilia Podocytes
Microvilli
Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells? Multiple choice question. Flagella Microvilli Rugae Cilia
Microvilli
Click and drag on elements in order Starting at a renal papilla at the top, place the structures through which urine will flow in order. Instructions Ureter Minor calyx Renal pelvis Major calyx
Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter
What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? Multiple choice question. Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter Ureter, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? Multiple choice question. Ureter, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? Multiple choice question. Renal lobe Glomerulus Nephron loop Nephron
Nephron
What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? Multiple choice question. Blood hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressure Net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure
The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? Multiple choice question. Osmotic water reabsorption Obligatory water reabsorption Regulatory water reabsorption Active water reabsorption
Obligatory water reabsorption
Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? Multiple choice question. Vasa recta Glomerular capillaries Peritubular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries
Select all that apply Choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient. Multiple select question. Permeability of the filtration membrane The level of hydration The amount of sodium in the blood The surface area available for filtration
Permeability of the filtration membrane The surface area available for filtration
Select all that apply Choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop. Multiple select question. Glucose and amino acids Potassium ions Water Chloride Sodium ions
Potassium ions Chloride Sodium ions
What is longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule? Multiple choice question. Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? Multiple choice question. Nephron loop Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Select all that apply Choose all that are parts of a renal tubule. Multiple select question. Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerular capsule Collecting duct Glomerulus Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule
What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule? Multiple choice question. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Nephron Renal corpuscle Nephron loop
Renal corpuscle
What is the renal medulla comprised of? Multiple choice question. Renal cortex Renal pyramids Renal corpuscles Renal columns
Renal pyramids
Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? Multiple choice question. Collecting duct Glomerulus Vasa recta Renal tubule
Renal tubule
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Acetylcholine Epinephrine Renin
Renin
During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process? Multiple choice question. Solvent drag Facilitated diffusion Secretion Gradient movement
Solvent drag
What is the result of renal autoregulation? Multiple choice question. The reabsorption of sodium is altered as necessary depending on the GFR. The rate of urine output is unchanged regardless of the GFR. The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? Multiple choice question. The dilution of urine The secretion of urine The excretion of urine The concentration of urine
The concentration of urine
What is tubular secretion? Multiple choice question. The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid The movement of water and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule The movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the blood
The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? Multiple choice question. Thin Thick Thin and thick
Thin
What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? Multiple choice question. Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions Tight junctions
Tight junctions
When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? Multiple choice question. Transport maximum Tubular maximum Obligatory absorption Transport limit
Transport maximum
Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. True False
True
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? Multiple choice question. Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption Tubular excretion Tubular filtration
Tubular secretion
Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called Blank______. Multiple choice question. ADH desmosomes aquaporins gap junctions
aquaporins
Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called Blank______. Multiple choice question. gap junctions aquaporins desmosomes tight junctions
aquaporins
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal Blank______. Multiple choice question. autoregulation diuresis filtration myogenosis
autoregulation
Fill in the blank question. Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _______ duct.
collecting
Most nephrons are Blank______ nephrons. Multiple choice question. cortical juxtaglomerular
cortical
Nephrons classified as Blank______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. Multiple choice question. cortical juxtaglomerular
cortical
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) Blank______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. Multiple choice question. decrease increase
decrease
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is Blank______. Multiple choice question. increased decreased
decreased
A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. Multiple choice question. decreased, decreased increased, decreased increased, increased decreased, increased
decreased, increased
Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels Blank______ glomerular filtration rate. Multiple choice question. decreases increases
decreases
Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys Blank______ the rate of urine production. Multiple choice question. increases decreases
decreases
The _______ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.
efferent
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called _______.
excetion
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular _______.
filtration
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerular filtrate lymph urine interstitial fluid
glomerular filtrate
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerular filtrate urine interstitial fluid lymph
glomerular filtrate
The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a Blank______. Multiple choice question. papilla glomerulus renal column pyramid
glomerulus
The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerulus nephron vasa recta peritubular capillary
glomerulus
If the glomerular filtration rate is too Blank______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. Multiple choice question. high low
high
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood _______ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.
hydrostatic
An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. Multiple choice question. increased, decreased decreased, decreased decreased, increased increased, increased
increased, decreased
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _______ apparatus.
juxtaglomerular
If the glomerular filtration rate is too Blank______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. Multiple choice question. low high
low
The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal _______.
medulla
The Blank______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the Blank______ is the outer layer surrounding it. Multiple choice question. medulla, cortex cortex, medulla
medulla, cortex
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the Blank______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. Multiple choice question. filtration reabsorption tubuloglomerular myogenic
myogenic
The functional unit of the kidney is a _______.
nephron
The Blank______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. Multiple choice question. nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. Multiple choice question. into out of
out of
The _______ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
peritubular
The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal _______.
plexus
The kidneys lie against the Blank______. Multiple choice question. posterior abdominal wall diaphragm anterior abdominal wall
posterior abdominal wall
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular Blank______. Multiple choice question. reabsorption secretion filtration
reabsorption
Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. renal columns calyces renal papillae ureters
renal columns
The enzyme Blank______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Multiple choice question. aldosterone renin ACE
renin
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ______. Multiple choice question. sodium glucose calcium potassium
sodium
The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______. Multiple choice question. insulin iron glucose sodium
sodium
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte _______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______.
sodium; potassium
The Blank______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR. Multiple choice question. sympathetic parasympathetic
sympathetic
Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) Blank______. Multiple choice question. symport antiport
symport
Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into Blank______. Multiple choice question. the urethra a renal papilla a major calyx the ureter
the ureter
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called _______ feedback.
tubuloglomerular
The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause Blank______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. Multiple choice question. vasoconstriction vasodilation
vasoconstriction
