A&P Chapter 23: The Urinary System

About how many nephrons are in a kidney? Multiple choice question. 1200 1.2 million 12 thousand 1.2 billion

1.2 million

In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about Blank______ mL/min. Multiple choice question. 1500 105 500 15

105

The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? Multiple choice question. Renal artery Vasa recta Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Which blood vessel carries blood into a glomerulus? Multiple choice question. Afferent arteriole Vasa recta Peritubular capillary Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Select all that apply Choose all the wastes that are removed from the blood by tubular secretion. Multiple select question. Water Ammonia Glucose Urea Bile acids

Ammonia Urea Bile acids

An antiport transports sodium into the cells of the PCT while pumping hydrogen ions out. What hormone activates this transport? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Angiotensin II Epinephrine

Angiotensin II

Select all that apply Choose all the hormones that regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct. Multiple select question. Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Epinephrine Natriuretic peptides Angiotensin converting enzyme

Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Natriuretic peptides

How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? Multiple choice question. As byproducts of lipid catabolism As byproducts of protein catabolism As byproducts of carbohydrate catabolism

As byproducts of protein catabolism

How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? Multiple choice question. By regulating water and sodium output By regulating both water and sodium intake and consumption By regulating water and sodium consumption

By regulating water and sodium output

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? Multiple choice question. By regulating both water intake and output By regulating water output By regulating water intake

By regulating water output

Select all that apply The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? Multiple select question. Lymphatic Colloid osmotic Venous osmotic Blood hydrostatic

Colloid osmotic Blood hydrostatic

Select all that apply What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? Multiple select question. Creatinine Bicarbonate Urea Phosphates

Creatinine Urea

What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? Multiple choice question. Increased blood pressure Decreased blood pressure Increased body temperature Decreased body temperature

Decreased blood pressure

The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? Multiple choice question. Ascending limb of the nephron loop Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop

Distal convoluted tubule

Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct? Multiple choice question. Distal convoluted tubule Vasa recta Juxtaglomerular apparatus Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called? Multiple choice question. Filtration Excretion Reabsorption Secretion

Excretion

The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it. True False

False

What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? Multiple choice question. Tubular fluid Urine Filtrate Plasma

Filtrate

The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? Multiple choice question. Glomerular capsule Vasa recta Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa

Glomerular capsule

Select all that apply What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? Multiple select question. Nephron loop Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Juxtaglomerular apparatus Glomerular capsule

Glomerulus Glomerular capsule

Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? Multiple choice question. Mesangial cells Granular cells Podocytes Macula densa cells

Granular cells

Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? Multiple choice question. Podocytes Macula densa cells Granular cells Mesangial cells

Granular cells

The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? Multiple choice question. Glucose and amino acids Sodium and chloride ions Sodium and potassium ions Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Where does most tubular reabsorption take place? Multiple choice question. In the nephron loop In the distal convoluted tubule In the proximal convoluted tubule

In the proximal convoluted tubule

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? Multiple choice question. It has no effect on the BP. It decreases the BP. It increases the BP.

It increases the BP.

Which defines the transport maximum? Multiple choice question. It is the upper limit of the volume of water that can be excreted in urine. It is the amount of a solute that can be filtered into the glomerular capsule. It is the fastest rate of glomerular filtration possible in a given nephron. It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.

It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.

Select all that apply What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? Multiple select question. Glomerular capsule Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Mesangial cells Efferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Mesangial cells

Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation. Instructions Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangial cells Macula densa Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries Monitor tubular fluid

Juxtaglomerular cells= Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin Mesangial cells= Dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries Macula densa = Monitor tubular fluid

Select all that apply What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? Multiple select question. Mesangial cells Efferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa Glomerular capsule

Mesangial cells Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa

Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. Instructions Mesangial cells Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa cells Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries

Mesangial cells = Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries Juxtaglomerular cells = Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole Macula densa cells = Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop

The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? Multiple choice question. Mitochondria Microvilli Cilia Podocytes

Microvilli

Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells? Multiple choice question. Flagella Microvilli Rugae Cilia

Microvilli

Click and drag on elements in order Starting at a renal papilla at the top, place the structures through which urine will flow in order. Instructions Ureter Minor calyx Renal pelvis Major calyx

Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter

What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? Multiple choice question. Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter Ureter, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? Multiple choice question. Ureter, major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx, ureter

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? Multiple choice question. Renal lobe Glomerulus Nephron loop Nephron

Nephron

What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? Multiple choice question. Blood hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressure Net filtration pressure

Net filtration pressure

The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? Multiple choice question. Osmotic water reabsorption Obligatory water reabsorption Regulatory water reabsorption Active water reabsorption

Obligatory water reabsorption

Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? Multiple choice question. Vasa recta Glomerular capillaries Peritubular capillaries

Peritubular capillaries

Select all that apply Choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient. Multiple select question. Permeability of the filtration membrane The level of hydration The amount of sodium in the blood The surface area available for filtration

Permeability of the filtration membrane The surface area available for filtration

Select all that apply Choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop. Multiple select question. Glucose and amino acids Potassium ions Water Chloride Sodium ions

Potassium ions Chloride Sodium ions

What is longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule? Multiple choice question. Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Proximal convoluted tubule

Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? Multiple choice question. Nephron loop Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Select all that apply Choose all that are parts of a renal tubule. Multiple select question. Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerular capsule Collecting duct Glomerulus Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule

What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule? Multiple choice question. Juxtaglomerular apparatus Nephron Renal corpuscle Nephron loop

Renal corpuscle

What is the renal medulla comprised of? Multiple choice question. Renal cortex Renal pyramids Renal corpuscles Renal columns

Renal pyramids

Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? Multiple choice question. Collecting duct Glomerulus Vasa recta Renal tubule

Renal tubule

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following? Multiple choice question. Aldosterone Acetylcholine Epinephrine Renin

Renin

During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process? Multiple choice question. Solvent drag Facilitated diffusion Secretion Gradient movement

Solvent drag

What is the result of renal autoregulation? Multiple choice question. The reabsorption of sodium is altered as necessary depending on the GFR. The rate of urine output is unchanged regardless of the GFR. The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.

The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.

The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? Multiple choice question. The dilution of urine The secretion of urine The excretion of urine The concentration of urine

The concentration of urine

What is tubular secretion? Multiple choice question. The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid The movement of water and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule The movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the blood

The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? Multiple choice question. Thin Thick Thin and thick

Thin

What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? Multiple choice question. Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions Tight junctions

Tight junctions

When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? Multiple choice question. Transport maximum Tubular maximum Obligatory absorption Transport limit

Transport maximum

Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. True False

True

Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? Multiple choice question. Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption Tubular excretion Tubular filtration

Tubular secretion

Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called Blank______. Multiple choice question. ADH desmosomes aquaporins gap junctions

aquaporins

Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called Blank______. Multiple choice question. gap junctions aquaporins desmosomes tight junctions

aquaporins

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal Blank______. Multiple choice question. autoregulation diuresis filtration myogenosis

autoregulation

Fill in the blank question. Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _______ duct.

collecting

Most nephrons are Blank______ nephrons. Multiple choice question. cortical juxtaglomerular

cortical

Nephrons classified as Blank______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. Multiple choice question. cortical juxtaglomerular

cortical

Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) Blank______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

decrease

Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is Blank______. Multiple choice question. increased decreased

decreased

A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. Multiple choice question. decreased, decreased increased, decreased increased, increased decreased, increased

decreased, increased

Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels Blank______ glomerular filtration rate. Multiple choice question. decreases increases

decreases

Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys Blank______ the rate of urine production. Multiple choice question. increases decreases

decreases

The _______ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.

efferent

The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called _______.

excetion

The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular _______.

filtration

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerular filtrate lymph urine interstitial fluid

glomerular filtrate

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerular filtrate urine interstitial fluid lymph

glomerular filtrate

The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a Blank______. Multiple choice question. papilla glomerulus renal column pyramid

glomerulus

The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a Blank______. Multiple choice question. glomerulus nephron vasa recta peritubular capillary

glomerulus

If the glomerular filtration rate is too Blank______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. Multiple choice question. high low

high

Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood _______ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.

hydrostatic

An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. Multiple choice question. increased, decreased decreased, decreased decreased, increased increased, increased

increased, decreased

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _______ apparatus.

juxtaglomerular

If the glomerular filtration rate is too Blank______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. Multiple choice question. low high

low

The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal _______.

medulla

The Blank______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the Blank______ is the outer layer surrounding it. Multiple choice question. medulla, cortex cortex, medulla

medulla, cortex

Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the Blank______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. Multiple choice question. filtration reabsorption tubuloglomerular myogenic

myogenic

The functional unit of the kidney is a _______.

nephron

The Blank______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. Multiple choice question. nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. Multiple choice question. into out of

out of

The _______ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

peritubular

The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal _______.

plexus

The kidneys lie against the Blank______. Multiple choice question. posterior abdominal wall diaphragm anterior abdominal wall

posterior abdominal wall

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular Blank______. Multiple choice question. reabsorption secretion filtration

reabsorption

Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called Blank______. Multiple choice question. renal columns calyces renal papillae ureters

renal columns

The enzyme Blank______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Multiple choice question. aldosterone renin ACE

renin

The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ______. Multiple choice question. sodium glucose calcium potassium

sodium

The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______. Multiple choice question. insulin iron glucose sodium

sodium

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte _______ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______.

sodium; potassium

The Blank______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR. Multiple choice question. sympathetic parasympathetic

sympathetic

Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) Blank______. Multiple choice question. symport antiport

symport

Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into Blank______. Multiple choice question. the urethra a renal papilla a major calyx the ureter

the ureter

The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called _______ feedback.

tubuloglomerular

The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause Blank______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. Multiple choice question. vasoconstriction vasodilation

vasoconstriction