A&P Chapters 1-4

Black coffee has a pH = 5, while lemon juice has a pH = 2. Coffee is ________ times more ________ than lemon juice.

1000; basic (Ie. a ph of 4 is 10 times more acidic than a ph of 5)

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

What biochemical process must sperm pass through before they are fully able to fertilize an egg?

Capacitation

The cells lining the airways of the respiratory system secrete mucus to trap particles from incoming air, and also contain cellular extensions that beat rhythmically to push the mucus upwards towards the throat so that it can be coughed out. Which type of cellular extensions are described here?

Cilia

Which type of tissue functions in holding other tissues together and providing structural support for the body?

Connective Tissue

The spinal cord is ________ to the vertebrae. a. Superficial b. Superior c. Deep d. Anterior

Deep

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus, cancer cells lack ________.

Differentiation

When a cell matures into performing only specific physiological processes this is ____________.

Differentiation

The digits are ________ to the carpus. a. Distal b. Proximal c. Inferior d. Superior

Distal

Placing a cell into a hypotonic solution will cause water to:

Enter the cell

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.

Exercise Physiologist

At which checkpoint must the cell be completely ready for mitosis?

G2

A(n) ________ is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build one protein.

Gene

The ________ is considered the "post office" of the cell because its job is to sort and package products from the Rough ER into vesicles and deliver the products to their correct location within the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Where in connective tissue would you find dissolved, extracellular materials?

Ground Substance

The prominent energy yielding nutrients are carbohydrates and _______.

Lipids

In which stage of the cell cycle do chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?

Metaphase

Subatomic particles, atoms, and ________ are the building blocks of the body that make up the chemical level of organization.

Molecules

A collection of tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

Organ

A serous membrane is at this level of organization.

Organ (It is made up of two tissues, epithelial and connective)

Which type of lipid is always partially hydrophilic?

Phospholipid

Which type of molecule makes up the majority of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

In the following chemical equation, what is fructose? glucose + fructose → sucrose + water

Reactant

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

Regional Anatomy

Materials that do not need a channel or carrier in moving through the plasma membrane move through a process called_______.

Simple Diffusion

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

Stores energy for use by body cells

A(n) ________ is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Tissue

What is a function of epithelial tissue?

To cover external surfaces of the body

A _______ cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its own specific cell type.

Unipotent

If blood pH drops to 7.30, a buffer will have to act as a _________.

a weak base - it will bind excess hydrogen ions

Which of these best describes how a neuron generates a response in the body? a. An action potential is generated, which travels down the axon towards the synapse, releasing a neurotransmitter. b. A neurotransmitter is generated within the neuron, which is then released by the dendrite. c. An action potential is generated, which travels down the dendrite. d. A neurotransmitter is released and generates an action potential.

a. An action potential is generated, which travels down the axon towards the synapse, releasing a neurotransmitter.

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of neutrons between atoms.

a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Which types of substances are transported across the cell membrane by the process of exocytosis? a. Digestive enzymes b. Iron ions c. Microbes

a. Digestive enzymes

Which of these is NOT true regarding the structure of epithelial tissue? a. Epithelial tissue has a large amount of extracellular material between cells. b. Epithelial tissue is nearly completely avascular. c. Epithelial tissue can replace itself quickly. d. Epithelial tissue has apical and basal surfaces that are structurally different.

a. Epithelial tissue has a large amount of extracellular material between cells.

The heart is ________ to the lungs. a. Medial b. Anterior c. Superior d. Deep

a. Medial

All the following organelles are considered part of the endomembrane system EXCEPT: a. Mitochondria b. Endoplasmic reticulum c. Vesicles d. Golgi apparatus

a. Mitochondria

You notice a fly land on your arm, and you quickly decide to swat it away. Which body system sensed the presence of the fly and responded accordingly? a. Nervous system b. Respiratory system c. Muscular system d. Endocrine system

a. Nervous system

All the following are functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT: a. Protein synthesis b. Ca2+ storage c. Lipid synthesis d. Detoxification

a. Protein synthesis

Which of these neuroglial cells is found in the peripheral nervous system? a. Schwann cell b. astrocyte c. microglia d. neuron e. oligodendrocyte

a. Schwann cell

Lacunae are found in all three types of cartilage as well as in bone. a. True b. False

a. True

Large biological molecules are built and broken down through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. When building a large biological molecule from the basic building blocks, or monomers, water is also made. a. True b. False

a. True

A multipolar neuron will send information to the next cell along its informational circuit through this output region. a. axon b. dendrite c. cell body d. actin filament e. astrocyte

a. axon

Someone who develops tendinitis has inflammation of this type of connective tissue. a. dense regular CT b. dense irregular CT c. hyaline cartilage d. fibrocartilage

a. dense regular CT

Which element is the least abundant in the human body? a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons

a. electrons

Which of these is the largest carbohydrate molecule listed? a. glycogen b. lactose c. glucose d. sucrose

a. glycogen

A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

This causes increased blood flow to an inflamed area. a. histamine b. prostaglandins c. heparin d. neurotransmitter

a. histamine

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

a. hydrogen and hydrogen

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place? a. hydrolysis b. dehydration c. condensation d. covalent bond

a. hydrolysis

Which of the following increases in the cells of a sarcoma? a. mitosis b. fiber secretion c. intercellular adhesion d. ground substance production.

a. mitosis

After injury, when clot retraction occurs and a large, wide clot (scab) is present, that is most likely a/an a. secondary union b. inflammatory response c. primary union d. apoptotic response

a. secondary union

Which shows the terms by increasing level of specialization? a. specialized pores b. aquaporins c. cholesterol molecules d. nucleolus

a. specialized pores

Which stage of mitosis has the first appearance of a cleavage furrow?

anaphase

Which category of cell junctions always connects up with the epithelial cell cytoskeleton?

anchoring junctions

All the following things happen during prophase EXCEPT: a. Nuclear envelope breaks down b. Centromeres split apart c. Chromosomes condense d. Spindle fibers form

b. Centromeres split apart

A tissue membrane is like a cell membrane: it is composed of a lipid bilayer studded with proteins. a. True b. False

b. False

Ground substance is another term for extracellular water. a. True b. False

b. False

Hydrolysis reactions cause salts to break apart in water. a. True b. False

b. False

Mesodermal cells are totipotent. a. True b. False

b. False

Angiogenesis into a tumor promotes its destruction. a. True b. False

b. False (it actually promotes growth as more blood is allowed into the tumor to grow)

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S

b. G1 (S is the actual DNA synthesis)

To form a bilayer within the plasma membrane, the hydrophilic heads interact with ________ while the hydrophobic tails interact with ________. a. Proteins; Carbohydrates b. Intra- and Extracellular fluid; each other c. Each other; Intra- and Extracellular fluid d. Extracellular fluid; Intracellular fluid

b. Intra- and Extracellular fluid; each other

What is true about the dorsal (posterior) body cavity that is NOT true about the ventral (anterior) body cavity? a. It is lined by serous membranes which produce serous fluid. b. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which helps to cushion and protect the delicate organs within. c. It allows space for the organs within to be able to expand and contract without bumping into or damaging other tissues. d. Most of the digestive organs are found here.

b. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which helps to cushion and protect the delicate organs within.

Of the following cell types, which has the potential to differentiate into the most varied types of cells? a. Oligopotent b. Pluripotent c. Multipotent

b. Pluripotent (Oligopotent is limited to very few)

Which of the following types of proteins functions in active transport of solutes across the cell membrane? a. Ion channel b. Sodium-potassium pump c. Glycoprotein d. Glucose transporter

b. Sodium-potassium pump

Imagine you are RNA polymerase, and you are about to transcribe a gene containing the sequence ATCGAT. What would the sequence of the resulting molecule be? a. AUCGAU b. UAGCUA c. TAGCTA d. ATCGAT

b. UAGCUA

Which of the following mechanisms of membrane transport requires energy expenditure by the cell? a. Osmosis b. Vesicular transport c. Facilitated diffusion d. Simple diffusion

b. Vesicular transport

Consider an atom with 6 electrons in its valence shell. When that atom becomes an ion, it is most likely to a. donate 6 electrons and become an anion b. accept 2 electrons and become a anion c. donate 6 electrons and become a cation d. accept 2 electrons and become a cation e. donate 2 electrons and become a cation

b. accept 2 electrons and become a anion (the more electron in the outer shell the easier it is to accept a few electrons than to donate a lot of electrons)

An action potential is a. the way material gets through the blood-brain barrier. b. an electrical impulse. c. the surge of neurotransmitters that gets released.

b. an electrical impulse.

A hydrogen bond, like those found between water molecules, will bond a hydrogen atom to _______________ atom. a. a slightly positive b. an electronegative c. a polar d. a nonpolar

b. an electronegative

Cl- is an example of what type of matter? a. cation b. anion c. isotope d. element

b. anion

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? a. pulling apart the two DNA strands b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand c. untwisting the DNA helix d. none of the above

b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

A scab in skin gets replaced in connective tissue initially as a. granulation tissue forms from blood vessels and adipocytes. b. granulation tissue forms due to fibroblasts and blood vessels. c. white blood cells take over the region. d. epithelial cells fill in the area of connective tissue.

b. granulation tissue forms due to fibroblasts and blood vessels.

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30

b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

Which of the following is an organic molecule essential to human functioning? a. H2O b. lipid c. salt d. calcium

b. lipid

Which of these are nervous tissue cells that are electrically-active? a. neuroglia b. neurons c. dendrites d. mesenchymal cells

b. neurons

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy

b. osmosis; pinocytosis

Hyaline cartilage fits into this category of connective tissue. a. fluid connective tissue b. supportive connective tissue c. connective tissue proper d. lining connective tissues

b. supportive connective tissue

Which of the following statements about sister chromatids is FALSE? a. They are connected at the centromere b. they are inherited separately as one comes from each parent c. Each chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome d. They separate and become daughter chromosomes during the process of mitosis

b. they are inherited separately as one comes from each parent

Epithelial cells are polarized because a. they have cellular junctions. b. they have an apical and a basal edge. c. are composed of molecules built entirely of polar covalent bonds. d. their nuclei are not always centered.

b. they have an apical and a basal edge.

The basement membrane is a. secreted entirely by epithelial cells. b. what sticks epithelial tissue to connective tissue. c. the basal membrane of epithelial cells. d. entirely cellular. e. ectodermal in origin.

b. what sticks epithelial tissue to connective tissue.

When the body is in the anatomical position, the palms are facing ________. a. Inferior b. Posterior c. Anterior d. Superior

c. Anterior

Which of these compounds would be built from polar covalent bonds? a. C2H6 b. H2 c. C2H4O2 d. O2 e. C3H8

c. C2H4O2

Which of the molecules listed is an organic molecule? a. NaCl b. H2O c. CH3 d. CaCl

c. CH3

The basic architecture of the body can be described using six levels of organization. What is the correct order of these levels, from least to most complex? a. Cellular, chemical, organ, tissue, organ system, organism b. Chemical, cellular, organ, tissue, organism, organ system c. Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism d. Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

c. Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Which of the following terms is used to describe the region of the hip? a. Buccal b. Patellar c. Coxal d. Tarsal

c. Coxal

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+

c. H2

The oris is ________ to the nasus. a. Superior b. Proximal c. Inferior d. Posterior

c. Inferior

The process of translation takes place: a. Within the nucleus, by RNA polymerase b. Within the nucleus, by a ribosome c. Outside the nucleus, by a ribosome d. Outside the nucleus, by RNA polymerase

c. Outside the nucleus, by a ribosome

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography

c. PET

Which of the following medical imaging techniques is able to show physiological activity (such as nutrient metabolism and blood flow) within an organ? a. Ultrasonography b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) c. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) d. Computed Tomography (CT)

c. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Most vesicular transport mechanisms are not very selective. The exception to this is ________, which brings large amounts of a specific substance into the cell. a. Exocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis d. Pinocytosis

c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

A carcinoma is a. cancer from white blood cells. b. any metastatic cancer that is moving through the body. c. a cancer that originates in epithelial tissue. d. the generic name for any type of cancer

c. a cancer that originates in epithelial tissue.

Which of the following cell components enables a muscle cell to contract? a. microtubules b. Golgi body c. actin filaments d. intermediate filaments

c. actin filaments

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

c. breaking down stored energy

What multipotent stem cells from children are sometimes banked by parents? a. fetal stem cells b. embryonic stem cells c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells

c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Which of these is a type of potential energy in our bodies? a. electrical energy b. mechanical energy c. chemical energy d. radiant energy

c. chemical energy

Atmospheric pressure keeps blood gasses __________. from expanding and blocking arteries a. in balance b. excreted c. dissolved d. moving

c. dissolved

Which of the following cannot be made in our bodies? a. chemical compounds b. matter c. element d. organic molecule

c. element

Which of these tissue types typically comes from any of the three embryonic germ layers? a. nervous tissue b. connective tissue c. epithelial tissue d. muscle tissue

c. epithelial tissue

Some electrically-active cells, like smooth and cardiac muscle cells, are able to spread their electrical activity from cell-to-cell through these junctions. a. tight junctions b. adherens junctions c. gap junctions d. desmosomes e. hemidesmosomes

c. gap junctions

A difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid is that a saturated fatty acid a. has fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to it. b. is hydrophobic while an unsaturated fatty acid is hydrophilic. c. has more hydrogen atoms bonded to it. d. is always longer than an unsaturated fatty acid.

c. has more hydrogen atoms bonded to it.

A buffer in our bodies a. tends to make our body fluids much more acidic b. tends to make our body fluids much more alkaline c. maintains a steady pH

c. maintains a steady pH

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons b. fewer than 80 neutrons c. more than 80 neutrons d. more electrons than neutrons

c. more than 80 neutrons

A ________ stem cell has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue, but cannot support the full development of an organism. a. multipotent b. totipotent c. pluripotent d. unipotent

c. pluripotent

Neurons signal other cells by a. moving their axons. b. releasing energy. c. releasing neurotransmitters. d. sending their electrical signal directly to the next cells.

c. releasing neurotransmitters.

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a. chromatin b. histones c. ribosomes d. nucleosomes

c. ribosomes

You make lemonade by mixing water, lemon juice, and sugar together. The sugar is the a. solution b. solvent c. solute

c. solute (Solutes are the chemicals that dissolve in the solvent or water).

Which muscle type is striated and involuntary?

cardiac muscle

________ reactions release energy.

catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Which of these atoms is stable and unreactive? a. Sodium (Na, atomic number 11) b. Phosphorus (P, atomic number 15) c. Carbon (C, atomic number 6) d. Argon (Ar, atomic number 18) e. Hydrogen (H, atomic number 1)

d. Argon (Ar, atomic number 18) (It's valence shell is full of 8 electrons so it is unreactive)

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. Activation of sweat receptors to promote cooling of the skin after a long run b. Release of insulin into the bloodstream to lower blood sugar levels after a big meal c. Shivering of muscles to produce more body heat when exposed to cold temperatures d. Intensified labor contractions during childbirth

d. Intensified labor contractions during childbirth

Only one of these elements is not a common element in the human body. Which element is the one that is not abundant in our bodies? a. Nitrogen (N) b. Oxygen (O) c. Hydrogen (H) d. Iron (Fe) e. Carbon (C)

d. Iron (Fe)

Which of the following statements about homeostatic feedback mechanisms is true? a. Negative feedback is only used to heal extreme damage to the body, while positive feedback is used for daily regulatory processes. b. Negative feedback brings the body away from homeostasis, while positive feedback brings the body back towards homeostasis. c. Negative feedback is the less commonly used mechanism within the body, while positive feedback is used quite readily. d. Negative feedback reverses the initial change in physiological conditions of the body, while positive feedback enhances the initial change in conditions.

d. Negative feedback reverses the initial change in physiological conditions of the body, while positive feedback enhances the initial change in conditions.

All the following are considered nutrients EXCEPT: a. Carbohydrates b. Vitamin C c. Water d. Oxygen

d. Oxygen

Which of these is true regarding the primary union vs secondary union healing processes? a. Primary unions occur in large, gaping wounds. b. Primary unions require stiches to minimize scarring. c. Primary unions are pulled together by the tissue that fills in the wound. d. Primary unions are much less likely to produce scar tissue.

d. Primary unions are much less likely to produce scar tissue.

Anatomy is about ________, while physiology is about ________. a. Organs; molecules b. Molecules; organs c. Function; structure d. Structure; function

d. Structure; function

The skin is ________ to the muscles. a. Distal b. Proximal c. Deep d. Superficial

d. Superficial

During the process of translation, what happens immediately after the ribosomal subunits bind to the mRNA strand? a. Amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are linked by peptide bonds. b. The ribosome travels down the length of the mRNA strand. c. The ribosome detaches from the mRNA strand and the completed polypeptide is released. d. The anticodon of the first tRNA molecule pairs with the start codon of the mRNA strand

d. The anticodon of the first tRNA molecule pairs with the start codon of the mRNA strand

You have decided to climb a tall mountain, and as you near the top, you notice that you start to shiver and it becomes harder to breathe. All the following should be major concerns of yours EXCEPT: a. The reduced atmospheric pressure b. The lack of oxygen at high altitudes c. The sharp decline in temperature d. The humidity of the atmosphere

d. The humidity of the atmosphere

Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which muscle tissue type is electrically-excitable? a. skeletal muscle b. cardiac muscle c. smooth muscle d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In which layer of embryonic tissue does epithelium originate? a. the ectoderm b. the mesoderm c. endoderm d. all three layers

d. all three layers

Which of these is a type of neuroglial cell that regulates neuronal environments and does not insulate them. a. myocyte b. Schwann cell c. oligodendrocyte d. astrocyte

d. astrocyte

This type of secretion occurs when a cell explodes. a. serous b. merocrine c. apocrine d. holocrine e. alveolar

d. holocrine

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage

d. hyaline cartilage

An atom is defined as belonging to a particular element based on its a. number of neutrons b. overall charge c. number of electrons d. number of protons

d. number of protons

When dehydration synthesis reactions occur, only one type of biological molecule forms peptide bonds. Which one? a. carbohydrate b. lipid c. nucleic acid d. protein

d. protein

The lumbar region is ________. a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region

d. superior to the popliteal region

The striations visible in muscle tissue reflect the a. organization of the nuclei in the cells. b. ability for the muscle cells to contract in any direction. c. the high quantity of mitochondria they need to get enough energy to contract. d. very ordered cytoskeleton that enables movement.

d. very ordered cytoskeleton that enables movement.

A connective tissue that has a lot of fibers that all run in parallel would function to

hold two items together

Partial (weak) charges are important for forming

hydrogen bonds

A child falls down while playing outside and scrapes the crural region of their body. Where on the body is this scrape located?

leg

What are the nucleic acids used during translation?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

If you were exposed to drastic cold temperatures and your muscles were not shivering, what would be a severe consequence?

malfunction of biochemical reactions

In the cytoskeleton, which filament maintains cell size and shape?

microtubule

In a negative feedback mechanism, the ________ monitors and detects any changes in physiological conditions. Reports of any changes are sent to the ________, which decides the best course of action and activates the ________, which brings the physiological condition of the body back within a normal range.

sensor, control center, effector

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

skeletal muscle only

Which muscle type has cells that contain only a single nucleus and are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

smooth muscle

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a ________.

suspension

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. all of the above

sweat glands to increase their output

Why is temperature important to the rate of chemical reactions?

temperature affects how fast atoms move in media