A&P chp 5
Dermis
The layer of the skin that is made of fibrous connective tissue.
Epidermis
The layer of the skin that is made of stratified squamous epithelium is the ___.
Hair root and Mitosis
The living part of a hair is the ___ where the process of ___ takes place.
nail bed
The living part of a nail is the ___.
epidermis and To make new cells
The lowest layer of the ___ is the stratum geminativum, and its function is ___.
Squamus cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma
The most common forms of skin cancer.
keratinized dead cells
The visible portion of a nail is made of ___.
Ceruminous Glands
These glands are located in the dermis of the ear canals. There secretion is called cerumen or ear wax.
Vitamin D
"sunshine vitamin" is important for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from food in the small intestine. -Maintains muscle strength especially in elderly people. -And in the functioning of insulin for the regulation of blood glucose level. - Provider protection against some types of cancer and against infection caused by bacteria and viruses. People with a Vitamin D deficiency are more susceptible to tuberculosis, and influenza. Vitamin D stimulates white blood cells to produce cathelicidin, a natural antimicrobial that punctures the membranes of outer coverings of pathogens.
Merkel cells
(Also called Merkel discs) Receptors for the sense of touch.
Subcutaneous
The layer of the integumentary system that stores potential energy is the ___.
Circulatory shock
A condition caused by too much blood and blood plasma loss. As more plasma is lost, blood volume and blood pressure decrease.
Sebum
A lipid substance that we commonly refer to as oil. -Inhibits the growth of bacteria on the skin surface. -Another function is to prevent drying of skin and hair.
mitosis and nail root
A nail grows by the process of ___ in the ___.
Vasodilation and lose
A warm environment stimulates ___ in the dermis in order to ___ heat.
Langerhans cells
Also called (dendritic cells) because of their branched appearance when they move. These cells originate in the red bone marrow, and are quite mobile.
Eccrine Gland
Are found all over the body but are especially numerous on the forehead, upper lip, palms, and soles.
Fingernails
Are good for scratching.
Glands
Are made of epithelial tissue. Produces secretions in the dermis.
Apocrine Glands
Are most numerous in the axillae (underarm) and genital areas an are most active in stressful and emotional situations.
Kidneys
Are primarily responsible for removing waste products from the blood and for maintaining the body's proper salt-to-water proportion.
antibodies
Are proteins that label foreign material for destruction.
Arterioles
Are small arteries, and the smooth muscle in their walls permit them to constrict (close) or dilate (open). This is important in the maintenance of body temperature, because blood carries heat, which is a form of energy.
Hair root and Matrix
At the base of a follicle is the ___, which contains cells called the ___.
Dilate vasodilation
In a warm environment, the arterioles in the dermis will ___.
Superficial Fascia (subcut layer)
Between the dermis and the muscles is the ___.
Areolar connective tissue
Connects skin to muscles. Contains many WBCs to destroy pathogens that enter breaks in the skin. Contains mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and other chemicals involved in inflammation.
Adipose tissue
Contains stored energy in the form of true fats. Cushions bony prominences Provides some insulation from cold Contributes to apetite Contributes to use of insulin Produces cytokines that active WBC's
Receptors
Detect changes that are felt as the cutaneous senses: touch, pressure, heat, cold, itch, and pain.
Arterioles
Dilate in response to warmth increase heat loss. Constrict in response to cold to conserve body heat. Constrict in stressful situations to shunt blood to more vital organs.
Cerumen
Drying of the eardrum is prevented by ___.
Sebum
Drying of the skin is prevented by ___.
Eccrine
During hot weather the ___ sweat glands increase their rate of secretion.
Vasoconstriction
During stressful situations, blood is shunted to vital organs by ___ in the dermis.
Hair (follicles)
Eyelashes and nasal hair keep dust out of eyes and nasal cavaties. Scalp hair provides insulation from cold for the head.
Free nerve endings
For heat, cold, itch and pain the receptors are ___.
Encapsulated nerve endings
For the cutaneous receptors of touch and pressure, the receptors are ___.
Free nerve endings
For the cutaneous senses of pain and heat, cold and itch the receptors are ___.
Encapsulated nerve endings
For touch and pressure the receptors are ___, which means there is a cellular structure around the sensory nerve endings.
Papillary layer
Functions: Contains capillaries that nourish the stratum germinativum.
Head
Human hair has an insulating function for the ___.
eyes & nasal cavities
Human hair helps keep dust out of the ___ & ___.
pathogens and chemicals
If intact, the stratum corneum is a very good barrier to ___ and ___.
Vasoconstriction
In a cold environment, however, body heat must be conserved if possible, so the arterials constrict (close). This DECREASES the flow of blood thought the dermis and keeps heat with in the core of the body.
constrict
In a cold environment, the arterioles in the dermis will ___.
Constrict and more vital organs
In a stressful situation, the arterioles in the dermis will ___ to allow blood to flow to the ___.
Mitosis and stratum germinativum
In the epidermis, new cells are produced by the process of ___ in the ___
Subcutaneous tissue
In the integumentary system, areolar connective tissue is part of the ___ (layer).
Areolar connective tissue
In the superficial fascia, the tissue that contains many white blood cells is ___.
Adipose tissue
In the superficial fascia, the tissue that stores potential energy is ___.
Vasodilation
In warm environment the arterioles dilate, which increases blood flow through the dermis and brings excess heat close to the body surface to be radiated to the environment.
Receptors
Information about the environment outside the skin is provided by ___.
Sensation
Is a function of the brain.
Melanin
Is made primarily from the amino acid tyrosine. Is increased by exposure of skin to ultraviolet rays, which are part of sunlight and are damaging to living cells. Gives the skin a darker color. Gives color to hair, thought its protective function is confined to the hair of the head. Two parts of the eye obtains their color from melanin. The iris and the interior choroid layer of the eyeball.
Stratum germinativum
Is the base of the epidermis the innermost layer in which mitosis takes place.
Protein
Keratin is a ___ (type of molecule) that helps make the skin relatively waterproof.
Epidermis and phagocytize pathogens
Langerhans cells are found in the ____ of the skin, where they ____.
melanin
Living skin cells are protected from exposure to ultraviolet rays by ____.
Dehydration
Loss of too much body water in sweat.
Dermis
Made of irregular type of fibrous connective tissue. Irregular meaning that the fibers are not parallel, but run in all directions. Strength and Elasticity are two characteristics of the dermis.
Subcutaneous tissue
May also be called (superficial fascia), one of the connective tissue membranes. Made of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, the superficial fascia connects the dermis to the underlying muscles.
melanin and ultraviolet rays
Melanocytes produce the protein ___ when stimulated by ___.
Dermis
Most cutaneous receptors are found in the ___ of the skin.
Keratin
New cells are continually being produced, pushing the older cells toward the skin surface. These cells produce the protein ____.
Septicemia
Pathogens in the blood.
corneum
Prevention of water loss or entry is a function of the stratum ___ of the epidermis.
Fibroblasts
Produce both collagen and elastin fibers. - The collagen fibers are strong. - Elastin fibers are able to recoil after being stretched.
Ceruminous glands
Produce cerumen, which prevents drying of the eardrum.
Sebaceous glands
Produce sebum, which prevents drying of skin and hair and inhibits growth of bacteria.
Eccrine sweat glands
Produce watery sweat that is evaporated by excess body heat to cool the body.
Nails (follicles)
Protect ends of fingers and toes from mechanical injury.
D and calcium & phosphorus
Sunlight on the skin stimulates production of vitamin ___ which is important for the absorption of ____.
Evaporation
Sweating promotes heat loss by means of the process of ___.
Sebum and Sebaceous glands
The ___ secreted by the ___ inhibits the growth of bacteria on the skin.
Cerumen and ceruminous glands
The ___ secreted by the ___ prevents drying of the eardrum.
cold
The arterioles in the dermis will constrict when the external environment becomes ___.
Warm
The arterioles in the dermis will dilate when the external environment becomes ___.
Flight-or-Fight
The body's defense mechanism response to immediate danger in which all energy is mobilized to either fight or run.
Langerhans cells
The cells in the epidermis that carry ingested pathogens to lymph nodes are the ___.
Defensins
The cells of the epidermis produce antimicrobial chemicals called ____.
Langerhans cells
The cells of the epidermis that phagocytize pathogens are the ___.
Keratinocytes
The cells that are most abundant in the epidermis is the ____ and there are no capillaries present between them.
Collagen and elastin
The dermis made primarily of the proteins ___ and ___.
Sebaceous Glands
The ducts of ___ open into hair follicles or directly to the skin surface. There secretion is sebum.
nails
The ends of fingers and toes are protected from mechanical injury by ___.
Ceruminous glands
The glands that secrete cerumen are called ___
Subaceous glands
The glands that secrete sebum are called ___.
Sebum
The growth of bacteria on the skin is inhibited by ___.
Dermis and fibrous connective
The inner layer of the skin is the ___ which is made of ___tissue.
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin.
Subcutaneous
The layer of the integumentary system that cushions some bones is the ___.
Subcutaneous
The layer of the integumentary system that provides some insulation from cold is the ___.
Keratin
The new cells of the epidermis produce the protein___.
Epidermis and Stratified Squamus kerotonizing Epithelial
The outer layer of skin is the ___ which is made of ___ tissue.
Epidermis
The outer layer of the skin. Is made of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelial, and is thickest on the palms and soles.
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of the epidermis is the ___.
cholesterol
The precursor molecule for Vitamin D is ___.
Stratum germinativum
The process of mitosis in the ___ produces new cells for the epidermis. Also, called the stratum basale.
Receptors
The purpose of ___ is to provide the central nervous system with information about the external environment and its effect on the skin. This information may stimulate a response, such as washing a painful cut finger, scratching an insect bite, or responding to a feeling of cold b putting on a sweater.
hair growth
The rate of hair growth averages 3 to 4 inches/month (8 to 10mm) and eventually a follicle will become dormant before starting to grow a new hair that pushes the old hair out. We lose hair from the scalp every day, estimates range from 50 to 100 hairs lost per day.
dead cells and keratin
The stratum corneum is made of several layers of ___ which in turn are made of ___.
Hair follicle and mitosis
The structure in which a hair grows is called ___ and the process by which a hair grows is ___.
dermis and underlying muscles
The subcutaneous tissue is located between the ___ and the ___.
Superficial fascia
The subcutaneous tissue layer is also called ___.
Papillary layer
The uneven junction of the dermis, with the epidermis, is called ___. Capillaries are abundant here to nourish not only the dermis but also the stratum gerninativum.
melanin and melanocytes
Ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of ___ by cells called ___.
Conserve and cold
Vasoconstriction in the dermis is important to ___ heat in a ___ environment.
Lose and warm
Vasodilation in the dermis is important to ___ heat in a ___ environment.
Calcium Phosphorus and small intestines
Vitamin D is important for the absorption of ___ in the ___.
D and ultraviolet rays
Vitamin ___ is produced in skin that is exposed to ___.
conserved
When the arterioles in the dermis constrict, the loss of body heat will be ___.
Increased
When the arterioles in the dermis dilate, the loss of body heat will ___.
Arthropod parasite
a mosquito, tick, flea, or louse. These parasites (all but the tick are insects) feed on blood, and are potential vectors of disease caused by bacteria viruses, or protozoa.
Sweat Glands
glands in the skin that produce sweat to regulate body temperature. Sweat is mostly water and contains sodium chloride, making sweat salty. two types of sweat glands apocrine and eccrine.
Human Hair
help to keep dust and perspiration out of the eyes and hairs just inside the nostrils help to keep dust out the nasal cavities.
Nails
protect the ends of the fingers and toes from mechanical injury and give the fingers greater ability to pick up small objects.
Nails
scratching an itch is efficient because fingers have ___.
heat and dehydration
the purpose of sweating is to increase the loss of ___ but it has the disadvantage of leading to ___.
Keratin
the shaft of a hair is made of ___.
Cutaneous senses
touch, pressure, heat, cold, itch, and pain. For each sensation there is a specific type of receptor, which is a structure that will detect a particular change.