A&P CHP20 Smartbook Assignment
Place the events of the baroreceptor reflex in chronological order.
1. a decreased in blood pressure within the aorta stimulates a decrease in frequency of action of potentials within the baroreceptors 2. afferent signals sent to the medulla oblongata 3. sympathetic response increases and parasympathetic response decreases 4. heart rate and stroke volume increase 5. response is an increase in blood pressure
Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium
List in order the events of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the first at the top.
1. the SA node fires 2. excitation spread through the atrail myocardium 3. AV node fires 4. excitation spread down the AV bundle 5. purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium
Starting with the return of blood to the heart, place the major phases of the cardiac cycle in order.
1. ventricular filling 2. isovolumetric contraction 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric relaxation
The chambers of the human heart include __.
2 atria and 2 ventricles
The blood pressure in the great arteries determines which of the following?
Afterload
Which force impedes the opening of the semilunar valves and opposes ventricular ejection?
Afterload
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? Select all that apply.
Anchors cardiac muscle Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles Provides structural support for the heart
From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?
Aorta
What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?
Autorhythmic
Which is another name for mitral valve?
Bicuspid
Grooves on the surface of the heart contain blood vessels and fat. The marked vessels in this figure are located in what groove?
Coronary sulcus
Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells. Select all that apply.
Elongated, branching cells Organized myofilaments Intercalated discs between cells
What structure allows blood to flow between the atria in the embryo and fetus?
Foramen ovale
Which structures allow the entire myocardium of both ventricles to contract as a unit?
Gap junctions
Match the phase of an action potential within a cardiac muscle cell with the ionic movement that causes each phase.
Initial depolarization- Diffusion of Na+ into the cell Plateau- Diffusion of Ca++ into the cell Repolarization- Diffusion of K+ out of the cell
Match the phase of an action potential within a cardiac muscle cell with the ionic channel that is the primary cause of each phase.
Initial depolarization- Opening of voltage gated Na+ channels Plateau- Opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels Repolarization- Opening of voltage gated K+ channels
What internal structure of the heart is marked by the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?
Interventricular septum
What structure is the arrow pointing to on this illustration of a heart section?
Interventricular septum
Match the side of the heart with the correct function.
Left side of heart- Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues Right side of heart- Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases
Which wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium?
P
An increase in stimulation by what branch of the nervous system lowers the heart rate?
Parasympathetic
What is the double-layered sac that surrounds the heart called?
Pericardium
The wave indicated on the electrocardiogram is a
QRS
Which division of the ANS can increase cardiac output by 50-100% over resting values?
Sympathetic
Which valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?
Tricuspid
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this picture?
Ventricular filling
The strongest stimulus will not cause muscle contraction during the ______ refractory period.
absolute
refractory period is the time when the muscle cell cannot be further stimulated, no matter the strength of the stimulus..
absolute
Parasympathetic effects on the heart are via ______.
acetylcholine
Atrial systole is occurring during the ______ ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle.
active
This figure is representing __ ventricular filling.
active
Extrinsic regulation of the heart includes ______.
adrenal medulla secretions autonomic reflexes
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the
aorta
The upper dashed red line indicates pressure changes in the
aorta
The vessel that carries blood out of the left ventricle is the
aorta
When blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery, it reflects blood pressure in the ______.
aorta
The Blank 1 of 2 valve and the Blank 2 of 2 valve close at the time marked by the arrow.
bicuspid, mitral, AV, or right atrioventricular tricuspid or left atrioventricular
An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload and therefore a(n) ______ in stroke volume.
increase, increase
A drop in pH and rise in carbon dioxide _______ heart rate.
increases
When ventricles contract, the pressure within them ______.
increases
With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles
increases, rises, elevates, or greatens
The structures marked by arrows in this illustration of cardiac muscles cells are
intercalated disks or discs
The thick end-to-end connections between cardiac muscle cells are called ______.
intercalated discs
The structures designated by arrows in this depiction of cardiac muscle cells are ______.
intercalated disks
The groove between the ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart is the anterior ______ sulcus.
interventricular
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior
interventricular
The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior
interventricular
The groove that is between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the posterior ______ sulcus.
interventricular
The right and left ventricles are divided from each other by the
interventricular
When mechanisms within the heart regulate cardiac output, it is referred to as _____ regulation.
intrinsic
The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting, but all valves remained closed is called ______.
isovolumetric contraction
The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting, but ventricular pressure has not yet exceeded arterial pressure is called ______.
isovolumetric contraction
The closing of the semilunar valves occurs at the beginning of the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.
isovolumetric relaxation
The phase of the cardiac cycle that occurs as the ventricles begin to relax is called ______.
isovolumetric relaxation
The bulk of the heart is found to the ______ of the body midline.
left
Which ventricle has thicker walls?
left
The chamber marked by an arrow in this posterior view of the heart is the
left atrium
The blood vessel marked in this depiction of the posterior heart is the
left pulmonary
The walls of the Blank 1 of 2 ventricle are thicker than the walls of the Blank 2 of 2 ventricle.
left right
The valve indicated in the figure is the ______.
left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve
The chamber marked in this posterior view is the ______.
left atrium
The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the ______ artery.
left coronary
What blood vessel is the arrow pointing to on this picture of the heart?
left coronary
On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.
left pulmonary artery
The blood vessel marked by the arrow in this posterior illustration of the heart is the ______.
left pulmonary artery
The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in this posterior figure is the ______.
left ventricle
The solid black line in this figure represents the pressure changes in the ______.
left ventricle
The average pressure in the arteries is the _____.
mean arterial pressure
The electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane in excitable cells is referred to as the resting
membrane
Cardiac muscle cells have an abundance of Blank 1 of 1, an organelle that carries out aerobic metabolism to generate ATP.
mitochondria
The structure indicated in this picture of cardiac muscle tissue is a ______.
mitochondrion
The structure marked by the arrow in this figure of cardiac muscle tissue is a(n)
mitochondrion or mitochondria
The alternate name for the left atrioventricular valve is the
mitral or bicuspid
The valve indicated by the arrow on the figure is the
mitral or bicuspid
The layer of the heart indicated on this illustration is the ______.
myocardium
At rest, the heart will operate ______ in a healthy aged individual.
normally
The heart rate is the _______.
number of beats per minute
Cardiac muscle requires _____ and therefore relies on aerobic metabolism to produce ATP.
oxygen
A spontaneously developing local potential that generates action potentials in the SA node is called the _____ potential.
pacemaker
The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a Blank 1 of 1muscle.
papillary
The finger-like muscle indicated in the illustration of the heart is a ______ muscle.
papillary
The division of the nervous system that has an inhibitory effect on the heart is the
parasympathetic
The vagus nerve conveys signals from the ______ nervous system to the heart.
parasympathetic
Most of the blood enters the ventricles from the atria by ______ processes.
passive
is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.
pericardium or pericardia
The mean arterial pressure is dependent on two factors: cardiac output and the force against which blood must be pumped or
peripheral resistance
A change in ______ will have a greater impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness.
preload
The Starling law of the heart describes the relationship between ______ and the pumping effectiveness of the heart.
preload
Small changes in ______ will have a large impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness, while large changes in ______ do not impact the effectiveness much.
preload, afterload
The valve that prevents backflow into the right ventricle is the ______ or the right semilunar valve.
pulmonary
On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel marked with an arrow is the left
pulmonary artery
The structure marked in this figure is the Blank 1 of 1 semilunar valve.
pulmonary or right
Blood exits the right ventricle through the ______ valve.
pulmonary semilunar
The valve marked by the arrow in this coronal section of the heart is the ______.
pulmonary valve
The vessels labeled A are ______ and the vessel labeled B is the ______.
pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava
One-third of the heart's mass is found on the
right
The chamber of the heart indicated in the figure is the
right atrium or atria
The right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery are branches of the
right coronary
The chamber of the heart marked on the figure is the
right ventrical
The valve indicated by the arrow in this section of the heart is the ______ valve.
right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of the ______.
right atrium
The specific part of the heart marked with an arrow on the anterior surface of the heart is the ______.
right auricle
On the picture of the heart, the blood vessel marked by the arrow in the figure is the ______ artery.
right coronary
The artery that runs along the coronary sulcus, and supplies blood to the right ventricle and the posterior, inferior heart muscle is the ______ artery.
right coronary
The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in the figure is the ______.
right ventricle
The pulmonary trunk carries blood away from the _____.
right ventricle
The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart.
right, left
The valves between the ventricles and great vessels are called ______ valves.
semilunar
The valves that prevent backflow into the ventricles are called
semilunar or SL
The group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker for the heart is called the
sinoatrial, SA, sinuatrial, or sinus
Neural and hormonal influences on the heart include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
somatic reflexes
The amount of blood pumped during each heartbeat is called the
stroke volume
Heart rate will increase when the SA node is stimulated by the
sympathetic
Stimulation of the SA node by the ______ nervous system raises the heart rate.
sympathetic
The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called
systole
The ventricles contract and pump blood into the great vessels during ventricular
systole or contraction
Preload is _____.
the amount of tension on ventricular walls before contraction
In maintaining homeostasis, regulation of the pumping action of the heart ensures ______.
the metabolic demands of tissues are maintained
nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.
vagus
The left and right pulmonary Blank 1 of 1 empty into the left atrium.
veins
The QRS complex is the ECG recording of depolarization of the ______.
ventricles
The right and left Blank 1 of 1 are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries.
ventricles
AV valves are open when ______.
ventricles are relaxed
During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.
ventricles, great arteries
The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.
ventricles, great arteries
The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called
ventricles, right and left ventricles, or left and right ventricles
Most of the blood entering the ventricles from the atria moves during ______.
ventricular diastole
The phase of the cardiac cycle called ______ occurs as the ventricular walls relax during diastole and blood enters from the atria.
ventricular filling
Ejection of blood from the ventricles occurs when ______ pressure exceeds ______ pressure.
ventricular, arterial
Another name for the epicardium is the
visceral
The red line (labeled letter B) surrounding the heart in this image is the ______ pericardium, whereas the blue line (labeled letter A) surrounding the heart is the ______ pericardium.
visceral, parietal
Electrical changes across the membrane cause the opening and closing of
voltage
Intrinsic regulation of cardiac output results from mechanisms ______ the heart.
within
The labeled vessels are branches of left coronary artery. A is the Blank 1 of 3 artery, B is the left Blank 2 of 3 artery and C is the Blank 3 of 3 interventricular artery.
circumflex marginal posterior
The heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are the result of ______.
closing of the valves
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the left
coronary
The expanded blood vessel designated by the arrow in the figure of the heart is the
coronary sinus
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the
great
The membrane potential when a cardiac muscle cell is relaxed is the resting ______.
membrane potential
The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a
papillary
Blood is forced from one area of the heart into another due to a
pressure
This figure exemplifies an action potential in a ______ muscle cell.
skeletal
AV valves are open and venous blood can enter the ventricles during the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.
ventricular filling
Atrial systole is occurring during the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.
ventricular filling
Put the following in order as seen on a standard ECG trace, starting with the first at the top.
1. P wave 2. QRS complex 3. T wave
The group of autorhythmic cells in the interatrial septum of the heart that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles is known as the
AV or atrioventricular
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart involves the release of which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
How is action potential propagation different in cardiac muscle cells than in skeletal muscle cells?
Action potentials are conducted from one cardiac cell to another.
Cardiac muscle relies on which process to produce ATP?
Aerobic respiration
Match the branches of the coronary arteries with the correct description.
Anterior interventricular artery- Supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart Circumflex artery- Branch of the left coronary artery that supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart Right marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle Posterior interventricular artery- Branch of the right coronary artery suppling blood to the posterior and inferior portion of the heart
Match the branches of the left coronary arteries with the correct description.
Anterior interventricular branch- Supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart Left marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle Circumflex artery- Supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart
What vessel(s) carries blood out of the left ventricle?
Aorta
Correctly match the terms that relate to heart events with their actions.
Atrial systole- Atrial contraction Atrial diastole- Atrial relaxation Ventricular systole- Ventricular contraction Ventricular diastole- Ventricular relaxation
What valves close at the time indicated by the circle?
Atrioventricular
What are the small flaplike projections on the atria called?
Auricles
Why does blood flow through the systemic circulation from the aorta ultimately to the right atrium?
Blood flows from high pressure to lower pressure.
A knowledge of heart location would NOT be important for which of the following?
Blood pressure readings
Which autonomic system(s) innervate(s) the heart?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
What ions cause the depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) through their movements into the cell?
Calcium Sodium
Which occurs during the repolarization phase of a cardiac muscle cell but not in a skeletal muscle cell?
Calcium channels begin to open
What is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute called?
Cardiac output
What occurs during the period of the ECG marked with the circle?
Completion of atrial contraction
The histology of the heart may be described by which phrases? Select all that apply.
Composed mostly of cardiac muscle tissue Involuntary muscle tissue
The QRS wave of an ECG represents what event in the heart?
Depolarization of the ventricles
Match the phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement.
Depolarization- Ca++ diffuses into the cell. Plateau- K+ diffuses out of the cell. Repolarization- Na+ diffuses into the cell.
Indicate the type of junctions found at intercalated discs.
Desmosomes Gap junctions
What controls the opening of the ion channels in cardiac muscle cells during phases of the action potential?
Electrical changes
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall called?
Epicardium
True or False: A pacemaker potential and an action potential are the same thing.
False
True or False: The artery that exits the aorta and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the right coronary artery.
False
True or False: The chamber of the heart marked by the arrow on the picture is the right ventricle.
False
True or false: Blood flows from areas of lower pressure to areas of higher pressure.
False
True or false: During one heartbeat, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and during the next heartbeat, blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.
False
True or false: The coronary circulation is made up of all of the systemic blood vessels.
False
True or false: The pumping activity of the heart rarely changes over the course of one's life.
False
Hormones from the adrenal medulla have what effects on the heart?
Increased rate Increased contractility Increased stroke volume
What vessels empty into the right atrium? Select all that apply.
Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Superior vena cava
What vessels empty into the left atrium?
Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins
Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance = ______
Mean Arterial Pressure
Match the labeled phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement.
Na+ diffuses into the cell. Ca++ diffuses into the cell. K+ diffuses out of the cell.
The wave designated by the arrow on the electrocardiogram is a
P
wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.
P
What segment of an ECG does atrial systole occur?
PR interval
Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this figure?
Period of ejection
What must be overcome as blood travels through the vessels?
Peripheral resistance
Identify the branches of the right coronary artery. Select all that apply.
Posterior interventricular artery Right marginal artery
The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is called what?
Preload
What forces the movement of blood through the heart chambers and into the vessels?
Pressure changes
What vessel(s) exit(s) the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
Which of the following vessels does NOT empty into the right atrium?
Pulmonary veins
Name the chamber of the heart indicated in the figure.
Right atrium
Match the branches of the right coronary artery with the correct description.
Right marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle Posterior interventricular artery- Supplies blood to the posterior and inferior portion of the heart
In a healthy person at rest, the Blank 1 of 1 node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.
SA, sinoatrial, or pacemaker
Cardiac output is equal to which of the following?
SV x HR
Which vein is marked by the arrow in this figure of the heart?
Small cardiac vein
______ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.
Stroke volume
Mean arterial pressure changes proportionally with changes in which variables?
Stroke volume Peripheral resistance Cardiac output
Identify the vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Select all that apply.
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus
What is the relationship between the heart and the adrenal medulla?
The adrenal medulla influences the action of the heart.
True or False: The sympathetic division of the ANS has a much larger influence on the heart.
True
True or false: Normal aging does not substantially change the heart's ability to function at rest.
True
True or false: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures reflect pressure changes in the aorta.
True
What characteristics ensure that cardiac muscle cells have an adequate supply of ATP?
Utilization of oxygen for metabolism of glucose Large numbers of mitochondria Extensive capillary network through cardiac muscle tissue
The heart sounds are made by the action of which of the following?
Valves
Identify the events that occur during ventricular systole. Select all that apply.
Ventricles contract. Blood moves from ventricles through semilunar valves.
Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?
Ventricles to great vessels
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?
Ventricular diastole
When does blood flow through the coronary circulation increase?
Ventricular diastole
A direct connection between multiple arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is an arterial ______.
anastomosis
A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an arterial
anastomosis, anastomoses, anastamosis, or anastamoses
The blood vessel indicated in this illustration of thoracic organs is the
aorta
The semilunar valve associated with the left ventricle is the _____ valve.
aortic
The valve designated by the pointer in this coronal section of the heart is the
aortic or left
Blood exits the left ventricle through the ______ valve.
aortic semilunar
The valve designated by the arrow in the picture of the internal heart is the ______.
aortic valve
It is important to know the location of the heart for ______. Select all that apply.
applying leads for ECG cardiopulmonary resuscitation listening to heart sounds
The ______ receive blood from veins.
atria
The coronary sulcus is between ______.
atria and ventricles
During ventricular contraction, blood pushes against the ______ valves and forces them closed.
atrioventricular
The valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart are called ______ valves.
atrioventricular
The structure that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles is known as the _____.
atrioventricular node
The valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the atria are called
atrioventricular or AV
When the ventricles contract, blood surging against the Blank 1 of 1 valves forces them to close.
atrioventricular or AV
When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the
atrioventricular, AV, or cuspid
The thin-walled superior chambers of the heart are called the right and left
atrium or atria
The chambers of the human heart are the right and left Blank 1 of 2 and the right and left Blank 2 of 2.
atrium or atria ventricle or ventricles
The flaplike extension of each atrium is called the ______.
auricle
The specific part of the heart marked with an arrow is the right
auricle
The cardiac muscle cells are described as ______ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.
autorhythmic
Mean arterial pressure is defined as the _____.
average pressure in the aorta
Altered blood pressure can lead to changes in heart rate. The input for this reflex response is from the ______ of the large arteries, which monitor blood pressure changes.
baroreceptors
Pressure sensors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus are categorized as _______.
baroreceptors
The __ is a repeating series of contraction and relaxation events that move blood through the heart.
cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure is equal to ______.
cardiac output times peripheral resistance
The heart is predominately composed of Blank 1 of 1 muscle tissue.
cardiac, involuntary, or striated
An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is classified as a
chemoreceptor
The input for the reflex response to blood pH comes from the ______ in the large arteries, which detect changes in blood chemicals.
chemoreceptors
Systole is a period of ______.
contraction
In order, the phases of the cardiac cycle are ventricular filling, isovolumetric Blank 1 of 2, period of ejection, and isovolumetric Blank 2 of 2.
contraction or systole relaxation or diastole
The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the right
coronary
The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ______ circulation.
coronary
The majority of the venous drainage from the coronary veins is collected by the Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 which then drains into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
The three vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the Blank 1 of 3 veins and the superior and inferior Blank 2 of 3 Blank 3 of 3.
coronary vena cava or cavae
In the posterior atrioventricular sulcus is a large vein called the ______ that collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.
coronary sinus
The expanded blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.
coronary sinus
The right coronary artery runs along the ______ sulcus and supplies blood to the ______.
coronary, right ventricle
Colder body temperatures will result in a(n) ______ in heart rate.
decrease
A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload, and therefore, a(n) ______ in stroke volume.
decrease, decrease
During surgical procedures, the body temperature can be ______ to minimize blood flow.
decreased
Stroke volume is increased when end-systolic volume ______ and end-diastolic volume ______.
decreases, increases
A period of relaxation is ______.
diastole
Systole is to contraction as Blank 1 of 1 is to relaxation.
diastole
The period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood is called
diastole
The stroke volume is equal to the end- Blank 1 of 2 volume minus the end- Blank 2 of 2 volume.
diastolic systole
Cardiac output is the volume of blood ______.
ejected by the ventricles per minute
is a composite recording of all cardiac action potentials.
electrocardiogram, ECG, or EKG
At the end of the isovolumetric contraction phase, the volume of blood in the ventricles is described as the _______.
end-diastolic volume
The Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the ______.
end-diastolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricle just prior to systole is called ______.
end-diastolic volume
The lowest volume in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle would be the ______.
end-systolic volume
The volume of blood left in the ventricle after ventricular ejection is called the ______.
end-systolic volume
The three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial are the
endocardium myocardium epicardium
The layer of the heart wall indicated by the letter A on the figure is the ______.
epicardium
The layer of the heart wall indicated on the figure is the
epicardium
The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the
epicardium
Regulation of the heart that involves neural or hormonal control is called
extrinsic
In this image, the arrow indicates the ______ pericardium.
fibrous
The tough, outer connective tissue layer of the pericardium is called the
fibrous
The tough, outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds and anchors the heart is called the ______ pericardium.
fibrous
The fetal opening in the interatrial septum is referred to as the
foramen ovale
The Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 are channels in intercalated discs that allow ions to flow directly from the cytoplasm of one cardiocyte to another.
gap junctions or junction
The Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 of the intercalated discs allow the entire myocardium of both ventricles to contract as a unit.
gap junctions or junction
Channels in intercalated disks are ______.
gap junctions
The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the left side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the
great cardiac
The vein indicated in the figure of the heart is the ______ vein.
great cardiac
The blood vessel that collects blood from the left side of the heart is the ______.
great cardiac vein
The number of times the heart contracts in 1 minute is referred to as the
heart rate
The parasympathetic nervous system's main effect on the heart is the decrease in ______.
heart rate
Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles is one function of the _______.
heart skeleton
Blood is ejected from the left ventricle because the pressure in the ventricle is ______ than the pressure in the aorta.
higher
Place the events of the baroreceptor reflex their correct order. Start with an increase in blood pressure.
1. an increase in blood pressure within the aorta stimulates an increase in frequency of action potential within the barorecptors 2. afferent signals sent to the medulla oblongata 3. sympathetic response decreases and parasympathetic response increase 4. heart rate and stroke volume decrease 5. response is a decrease in blood pressure
Put the following in order as seen on a standard ECG trace.
1. atrial depolarization 2. ventricular depolarization 3. ventricular depolarization
List the layers of the heart wall and the pericardium in order beginning with the deepest structure.
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. visceral pericardium 4. pericardial cavity 5. parietal paricardium 6. fibrous pericardium
List the layers of the heart wall and associated membranes in order beginning with the most superficial structure.
1. fibrous pericardium 2. parietal paricardium 3. pericardial cavity 4. epicardium 5. myocardium 6. endocardium
List in order the structures of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the pacemaker.
1. sinoatrial (SA) node 2. atrioventricular (AV) node 3. atrioventricular (AV) bundle 4. right and left bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers 6. ventricular myocardium
What is a normal firing rate of the SA node for a healthy person at rest?
75
Which letter in the figure of thoracic organs indicates the superior vena cava?
A
Which letter in the illustration indicates the sinoatrial node?
A
Which letter indicates the coronary sulcus?
A
Which letter indicates the right lung?
A
Which letter indicates the small cardiac vein?
A
What is an ECG?
A recording of cardiac action potentials measured at the body's surface
At a given point in time, blood flows in the heart from ______.
both atria to both ventricles
The atrioventricular Blank 1 of 1 (one word) is an electrical pathway by which signals leave the AV node to move to the interventricular septum.
bundle
The electrical pathway by which signals leave the AV node to move to the interventricular septum is the atrioventricular _______.
bundle
The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is mainly due to the inflow of ______ ions.
calcium
Identify the ions that affect cardiac muscle function. Select all that apply.
calcium sodium potassium
The ions that affect cardiac muscle function are
calcium, Ca, Ca++, or Ca2+ sodium potassium
Elongated, branching cells with organized myofilaments, centrally located nuclei, and numerous gap junctions describes
cardiac
The sequence of events that begins with heart muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction is called the
cardiac cycle
The propagation of action potentials in Blank 1 of 2 muscle tissue is slower than Blank 2 of 2 muscle tissue, and involves stimulation of multiple cells, one after another.
cardiac skeletal
Extrinsic regulation of the heart requires involvement of ______.
the nervous system hormones
Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume ______ heart rate.
times
The valve found in the right side of the heart between the upper and lower chamber is the ______ valve.
tricuspid
The valve indicated by the letter A in the figure of the heart is the
tricuspid
