A&P CHP20 Smartbook Assignment

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Place the events of the baroreceptor reflex in chronological order.

1. a decreased in blood pressure within the aorta stimulates a decrease in frequency of action of potentials within the baroreceptors 2. afferent signals sent to the medulla oblongata 3. sympathetic response increases and parasympathetic response decreases 4. heart rate and stroke volume increase 5. response is an increase in blood pressure

Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.

1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium

List in order the events of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the first at the top.

1. the SA node fires 2. excitation spread through the atrail myocardium 3. AV node fires 4. excitation spread down the AV bundle 5. purkinje fibers distribute excitation through the ventricular myocardium

Starting with the return of blood to the heart, place the major phases of the cardiac cycle in order.

1. ventricular filling 2. isovolumetric contraction 3. ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric relaxation

The chambers of the human heart include __.

2 atria and 2 ventricles

The blood pressure in the great arteries determines which of the following?

Afterload

Which force impedes the opening of the semilunar valves and opposes ventricular ejection?

Afterload

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? Select all that apply.

Anchors cardiac muscle Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles Provides structural support for the heart

From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?

Aorta

What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?

Autorhythmic

Which is another name for mitral valve?

Bicuspid

Grooves on the surface of the heart contain blood vessels and fat. The marked vessels in this figure are located in what groove?

Coronary sulcus

Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?

Coronary sulcus

Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells. Select all that apply.

Elongated, branching cells Organized myofilaments Intercalated discs between cells

What structure allows blood to flow between the atria in the embryo and fetus?

Foramen ovale

Which structures allow the entire myocardium of both ventricles to contract as a unit?

Gap junctions

Match the phase of an action potential within a cardiac muscle cell with the ionic movement that causes each phase.

Initial depolarization- Diffusion of Na+ into the cell Plateau- Diffusion of Ca++ into the cell Repolarization- Diffusion of K+ out of the cell

Match the phase of an action potential within a cardiac muscle cell with the ionic channel that is the primary cause of each phase.

Initial depolarization- Opening of voltage gated Na+ channels Plateau- Opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels Repolarization- Opening of voltage gated K+ channels

What internal structure of the heart is marked by the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci?

Interventricular septum

What structure is the arrow pointing to on this illustration of a heart section?

Interventricular septum

Match the side of the heart with the correct function.

Left side of heart- Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues Right side of heart- Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases

Which wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium?

P

An increase in stimulation by what branch of the nervous system lowers the heart rate?

Parasympathetic

What is the double-layered sac that surrounds the heart called?

Pericardium

The wave indicated on the electrocardiogram is a

QRS

Which division of the ANS can increase cardiac output by 50-100% over resting values?

Sympathetic

Which valve is found between the right atrium and ventricle?

Tricuspid

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this picture?

Ventricular filling

The strongest stimulus will not cause muscle contraction during the ______ refractory period.

absolute

refractory period is the time when the muscle cell cannot be further stimulated, no matter the strength of the stimulus..

absolute

Parasympathetic effects on the heart are via ______.

acetylcholine

Atrial systole is occurring during the ______ ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle.

active

This figure is representing __ ventricular filling.

active

Extrinsic regulation of the heart includes ______.

adrenal medulla secretions autonomic reflexes

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the

aorta

The upper dashed red line indicates pressure changes in the

aorta

The vessel that carries blood out of the left ventricle is the

aorta

When blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery, it reflects blood pressure in the ______.

aorta

The Blank 1 of 2 valve and the Blank 2 of 2 valve close at the time marked by the arrow.

bicuspid, mitral, AV, or right atrioventricular tricuspid or left atrioventricular

An increase in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload and therefore a(n) ______ in stroke volume.

increase, increase

A drop in pH and rise in carbon dioxide _______ heart rate.

increases

When ventricles contract, the pressure within them ______.

increases

With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles

increases, rises, elevates, or greatens

The structures marked by arrows in this illustration of cardiac muscles cells are

intercalated disks or discs

The thick end-to-end connections between cardiac muscle cells are called ______.

intercalated discs

The structures designated by arrows in this depiction of cardiac muscle cells are ______.

intercalated disks

The groove between the ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart is the anterior ______ sulcus.

interventricular

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the back of the heart is the posterior

interventricular

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior

interventricular

The groove that is between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the posterior ______ sulcus.

interventricular

The right and left ventricles are divided from each other by the

interventricular

When mechanisms within the heart regulate cardiac output, it is referred to as _____ regulation.

intrinsic

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting, but all valves remained closed is called ______.

isovolumetric contraction

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting, but ventricular pressure has not yet exceeded arterial pressure is called ______.

isovolumetric contraction

The closing of the semilunar valves occurs at the beginning of the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.

isovolumetric relaxation

The phase of the cardiac cycle that occurs as the ventricles begin to relax is called ______.

isovolumetric relaxation

The bulk of the heart is found to the ______ of the body midline.

left

Which ventricle has thicker walls?

left

The chamber marked by an arrow in this posterior view of the heart is the

left atrium

The blood vessel marked in this depiction of the posterior heart is the

left pulmonary

The walls of the Blank 1 of 2 ventricle are thicker than the walls of the Blank 2 of 2 ventricle.

left right

The valve indicated in the figure is the ______.

left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve

The chamber marked in this posterior view is the ______.

left atrium

The artery that travels under the left auricle and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the ______ artery.

left coronary

What blood vessel is the arrow pointing to on this picture of the heart?

left coronary

On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.

left pulmonary artery

The blood vessel marked by the arrow in this posterior illustration of the heart is the ______.

left pulmonary artery

The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in this posterior figure is the ______.

left ventricle

The solid black line in this figure represents the pressure changes in the ______.

left ventricle

The average pressure in the arteries is the _____.

mean arterial pressure

The electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane in excitable cells is referred to as the resting

membrane

Cardiac muscle cells have an abundance of Blank 1 of 1, an organelle that carries out aerobic metabolism to generate ATP.

mitochondria

The structure indicated in this picture of cardiac muscle tissue is a ______.

mitochondrion

The structure marked by the arrow in this figure of cardiac muscle tissue is a(n)

mitochondrion or mitochondria

The alternate name for the left atrioventricular valve is the

mitral or bicuspid

The valve indicated by the arrow on the figure is the

mitral or bicuspid

The layer of the heart indicated on this illustration is the ______.

myocardium

At rest, the heart will operate ______ in a healthy aged individual.

normally

The heart rate is the _______.

number of beats per minute

Cardiac muscle requires _____ and therefore relies on aerobic metabolism to produce ATP.

oxygen

A spontaneously developing local potential that generates action potentials in the SA node is called the _____ potential.

pacemaker

The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a Blank 1 of 1muscle.

papillary

The finger-like muscle indicated in the illustration of the heart is a ______ muscle.

papillary

The division of the nervous system that has an inhibitory effect on the heart is the

parasympathetic

The vagus nerve conveys signals from the ______ nervous system to the heart.

parasympathetic

Most of the blood enters the ventricles from the atria by ______ processes.

passive

is a double-walled sac enclosing the heart.

pericardium or pericardia

The mean arterial pressure is dependent on two factors: cardiac output and the force against which blood must be pumped or

peripheral resistance

A change in ______ will have a greater impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness.

preload

The Starling law of the heart describes the relationship between ______ and the pumping effectiveness of the heart.

preload

Small changes in ______ will have a large impact on the heart's pumping effectiveness, while large changes in ______ do not impact the effectiveness much.

preload, afterload

The valve that prevents backflow into the right ventricle is the ______ or the right semilunar valve.

pulmonary

On this anterior view of the heart, the blood vessel marked with an arrow is the left

pulmonary artery

The structure marked in this figure is the Blank 1 of 1 semilunar valve.

pulmonary or right

Blood exits the right ventricle through the ______ valve.

pulmonary semilunar

The valve marked by the arrow in this coronal section of the heart is the ______.

pulmonary valve

The vessels labeled A are ______ and the vessel labeled B is the ______.

pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava

One-third of the heart's mass is found on the

right

The chamber of the heart indicated in the figure is the

right atrium or atria

The right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery are branches of the

right coronary

The chamber of the heart marked on the figure is the

right ventrical

The valve indicated by the arrow in this section of the heart is the ______ valve.

right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of the ______.

right atrium

The specific part of the heart marked with an arrow on the anterior surface of the heart is the ______.

right auricle

On the picture of the heart, the blood vessel marked by the arrow in the figure is the ______ artery.

right coronary

The artery that runs along the coronary sulcus, and supplies blood to the right ventricle and the posterior, inferior heart muscle is the ______ artery.

right coronary

The chamber of the heart indicated by the arrow in the figure is the ______.

right ventricle

The pulmonary trunk carries blood away from the _____.

right ventricle

The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ side of the heart.

right, left

The valves between the ventricles and great vessels are called ______ valves.

semilunar

The valves that prevent backflow into the ventricles are called

semilunar or SL

The group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker for the heart is called the

sinoatrial, SA, sinuatrial, or sinus

Neural and hormonal influences on the heart include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

somatic reflexes

The amount of blood pumped during each heartbeat is called the

stroke volume

Heart rate will increase when the SA node is stimulated by the

sympathetic

Stimulation of the SA node by the ______ nervous system raises the heart rate.

sympathetic

The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called

systole

The ventricles contract and pump blood into the great vessels during ventricular

systole or contraction

Preload is _____.

the amount of tension on ventricular walls before contraction

In maintaining homeostasis, regulation of the pumping action of the heart ensures ______.

the metabolic demands of tissues are maintained

nerve conveys parasympathetic signals to the heart.

vagus

The left and right pulmonary Blank 1 of 1 empty into the left atrium.

veins

The QRS complex is the ECG recording of depolarization of the ______.

ventricles

The right and left Blank 1 of 1 are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries.

ventricles

AV valves are open when ______.

ventricles are relaxed

During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.

ventricles, great arteries

The semilunar valves will open when the pressure within the ______ exceeds the pressure within the ______.

ventricles, great arteries

The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called

ventricles, right and left ventricles, or left and right ventricles

Most of the blood entering the ventricles from the atria moves during ______.

ventricular diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle called ______ occurs as the ventricular walls relax during diastole and blood enters from the atria.

ventricular filling

Ejection of blood from the ventricles occurs when ______ pressure exceeds ______ pressure.

ventricular, arterial

Another name for the epicardium is the

visceral

The red line (labeled letter B) surrounding the heart in this image is the ______ pericardium, whereas the blue line (labeled letter A) surrounding the heart is the ______ pericardium.

visceral, parietal

Electrical changes across the membrane cause the opening and closing of

voltage

Intrinsic regulation of cardiac output results from mechanisms ______ the heart.

within

The labeled vessels are branches of left coronary artery. A is the Blank 1 of 3 artery, B is the left Blank 2 of 3 artery and C is the Blank 3 of 3 interventricular artery.

circumflex marginal posterior

The heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are the result of ______.

closing of the valves

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the left

coronary

The expanded blood vessel designated by the arrow in the figure of the heart is the

coronary sinus

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the

great

The membrane potential when a cardiac muscle cell is relaxed is the resting ______.

membrane potential

The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a

papillary

Blood is forced from one area of the heart into another due to a

pressure

This figure exemplifies an action potential in a ______ muscle cell.

skeletal

AV valves are open and venous blood can enter the ventricles during the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.

ventricular filling

Atrial systole is occurring during the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle.

ventricular filling

Put the following in order as seen on a standard ECG trace, starting with the first at the top.

1. P wave 2. QRS complex 3. T wave

The group of autorhythmic cells in the interatrial septum of the heart that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles is known as the

AV or atrioventricular

Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart involves the release of which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

How is action potential propagation different in cardiac muscle cells than in skeletal muscle cells?

Action potentials are conducted from one cardiac cell to another.

Cardiac muscle relies on which process to produce ATP?

Aerobic respiration

Match the branches of the coronary arteries with the correct description.

Anterior interventricular artery- Supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart Circumflex artery- Branch of the left coronary artery that supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart Right marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle Posterior interventricular artery- Branch of the right coronary artery suppling blood to the posterior and inferior portion of the heart

Match the branches of the left coronary arteries with the correct description.

Anterior interventricular branch- Supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart Left marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle Circumflex artery- Supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart

What vessel(s) carries blood out of the left ventricle?

Aorta

Correctly match the terms that relate to heart events with their actions.

Atrial systole- Atrial contraction Atrial diastole- Atrial relaxation Ventricular systole- Ventricular contraction Ventricular diastole- Ventricular relaxation

What valves close at the time indicated by the circle?

Atrioventricular

What are the small flaplike projections on the atria called?

Auricles

Why does blood flow through the systemic circulation from the aorta ultimately to the right atrium?

Blood flows from high pressure to lower pressure.

A knowledge of heart location would NOT be important for which of the following?

Blood pressure readings

Which autonomic system(s) innervate(s) the heart?

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

What ions cause the depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) through their movements into the cell?

Calcium Sodium

Which occurs during the repolarization phase of a cardiac muscle cell but not in a skeletal muscle cell?

Calcium channels begin to open

What is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per minute called?

Cardiac output

What occurs during the period of the ECG marked with the circle?

Completion of atrial contraction

The histology of the heart may be described by which phrases? Select all that apply.

Composed mostly of cardiac muscle tissue Involuntary muscle tissue

The QRS wave of an ECG represents what event in the heart?

Depolarization of the ventricles

Match the phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement.

Depolarization- Ca++ diffuses into the cell. Plateau- K+ diffuses out of the cell. Repolarization- Na+ diffuses into the cell.

Indicate the type of junctions found at intercalated discs.

Desmosomes Gap junctions

What controls the opening of the ion channels in cardiac muscle cells during phases of the action potential?

Electrical changes

What is the outermost layer of the heart wall called?

Epicardium

True or False: A pacemaker potential and an action potential are the same thing.

False

True or False: The artery that exits the aorta and then divides into the circumflex artery, the anterior interventricular artery, and a marginal artery is the right coronary artery.

False

True or False: The chamber of the heart marked by the arrow on the picture is the right ventricle.

False

True or false: Blood flows from areas of lower pressure to areas of higher pressure.

False

True or false: During one heartbeat, blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and during the next heartbeat, blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.

False

True or false: The coronary circulation is made up of all of the systemic blood vessels.

False

True or false: The pumping activity of the heart rarely changes over the course of one's life.

False

Hormones from the adrenal medulla have what effects on the heart?

Increased rate Increased contractility Increased stroke volume

What vessels empty into the right atrium? Select all that apply.

Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Superior vena cava

What vessels empty into the left atrium?

Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins

Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance = ______

Mean Arterial Pressure

Match the labeled phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement.

Na+ diffuses into the cell. Ca++ diffuses into the cell. K+ diffuses out of the cell.

The wave designated by the arrow on the electrocardiogram is a

P

wave of an ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium.

P

What segment of an ECG does atrial systole occur?

PR interval

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is depicted in this figure?

Period of ejection

What must be overcome as blood travels through the vessels?

Peripheral resistance

Identify the branches of the right coronary artery. Select all that apply.

Posterior interventricular artery Right marginal artery

The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract is called what?

Preload

What forces the movement of blood through the heart chambers and into the vessels?

Pressure changes

What vessel(s) exit(s) the right ventricle?

Pulmonary trunk

Which of the following vessels does NOT empty into the right atrium?

Pulmonary veins

Name the chamber of the heart indicated in the figure.

Right atrium

Match the branches of the right coronary artery with the correct description.

Right marginal artery- Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle Posterior interventricular artery- Supplies blood to the posterior and inferior portion of the heart

In a healthy person at rest, the Blank 1 of 1 node normally fires about 75 times per minute, setting the heart rate.

SA, sinoatrial, or pacemaker

Cardiac output is equal to which of the following?

SV x HR

Which vein is marked by the arrow in this figure of the heart?

Small cardiac vein

______ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

Stroke volume

Mean arterial pressure changes proportionally with changes in which variables?

Stroke volume Peripheral resistance Cardiac output

Identify the vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Select all that apply.

Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus

What is the relationship between the heart and the adrenal medulla?

The adrenal medulla influences the action of the heart.

True or False: The sympathetic division of the ANS has a much larger influence on the heart.

True

True or false: Normal aging does not substantially change the heart's ability to function at rest.

True

True or false: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures reflect pressure changes in the aorta.

True

What characteristics ensure that cardiac muscle cells have an adequate supply of ATP?

Utilization of oxygen for metabolism of glucose Large numbers of mitochondria Extensive capillary network through cardiac muscle tissue

The heart sounds are made by the action of which of the following?

Valves

Identify the events that occur during ventricular systole. Select all that apply.

Ventricles contract. Blood moves from ventricles through semilunar valves.

Where is blood moving during the period of ejection?

Ventricles to great vessels

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation?

Ventricular diastole

When does blood flow through the coronary circulation increase?

Ventricular diastole

A direct connection between multiple arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is an arterial ______.

anastomosis

A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an arterial

anastomosis, anastomoses, anastamosis, or anastamoses

The blood vessel indicated in this illustration of thoracic organs is the

aorta

The semilunar valve associated with the left ventricle is the _____ valve.

aortic

The valve designated by the pointer in this coronal section of the heart is the

aortic or left

Blood exits the left ventricle through the ______ valve.

aortic semilunar

The valve designated by the arrow in the picture of the internal heart is the ______.

aortic valve

It is important to know the location of the heart for ______. Select all that apply.

applying leads for ECG cardiopulmonary resuscitation listening to heart sounds

The ______ receive blood from veins.

atria

The coronary sulcus is between ______.

atria and ventricles

During ventricular contraction, blood pushes against the ______ valves and forces them closed.

atrioventricular

The valves that separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart are called ______ valves.

atrioventricular

The structure that relays excitation from the atria to the ventricles is known as the _____.

atrioventricular node

The valves that prevent the backflow of blood into the atria are called

atrioventricular or AV

When the ventricles contract, blood surging against the Blank 1 of 1 valves forces them to close.

atrioventricular or AV

When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the

atrioventricular, AV, or cuspid

The thin-walled superior chambers of the heart are called the right and left

atrium or atria

The chambers of the human heart are the right and left Blank 1 of 2 and the right and left Blank 2 of 2.

atrium or atria ventricle or ventricles

The flaplike extension of each atrium is called the ______.

auricle

The specific part of the heart marked with an arrow is the right

auricle

The cardiac muscle cells are described as ______ because individual cells can depolarize on their own without outside stimulation.

autorhythmic

Mean arterial pressure is defined as the _____.

average pressure in the aorta

Altered blood pressure can lead to changes in heart rate. The input for this reflex response is from the ______ of the large arteries, which monitor blood pressure changes.

baroreceptors

Pressure sensors found in the aortic arch and the carotid sinus are categorized as _______.

baroreceptors

The __ is a repeating series of contraction and relaxation events that move blood through the heart.

cardiac cycle

Mean arterial pressure is equal to ______.

cardiac output times peripheral resistance

The heart is predominately composed of Blank 1 of 1 muscle tissue.

cardiac, involuntary, or striated

An organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals is classified as a

chemoreceptor

The input for the reflex response to blood pH comes from the ______ in the large arteries, which detect changes in blood chemicals.

chemoreceptors

Systole is a period of ______.

contraction

In order, the phases of the cardiac cycle are ventricular filling, isovolumetric Blank 1 of 2, period of ejection, and isovolumetric Blank 2 of 2.

contraction or systole relaxation or diastole

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the right

coronary

The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ______ circulation.

coronary

The majority of the venous drainage from the coronary veins is collected by the Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 which then drains into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

The three vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the Blank 1 of 3 veins and the superior and inferior Blank 2 of 3 Blank 3 of 3.

coronary vena cava or cavae

In the posterior atrioventricular sulcus is a large vein called the ______ that collects venous drainage from all of the coronary veins and drains into the right atrium.

coronary sinus

The expanded blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______.

coronary sinus

The right coronary artery runs along the ______ sulcus and supplies blood to the ______.

coronary, right ventricle

Colder body temperatures will result in a(n) ______ in heart rate.

decrease

A decrease in venous return to the heart leads to a(n) ______ in preload, and therefore, a(n) ______ in stroke volume.

decrease, decrease

During surgical procedures, the body temperature can be ______ to minimize blood flow.

decreased

Stroke volume is increased when end-systolic volume ______ and end-diastolic volume ______.

decreases, increases

A period of relaxation is ______.

diastole

Systole is to contraction as Blank 1 of 1 is to relaxation.

diastole

The period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood is called

diastole

The stroke volume is equal to the end- Blank 1 of 2 volume minus the end- Blank 2 of 2 volume.

diastolic systole

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ______.

ejected by the ventricles per minute

is a composite recording of all cardiac action potentials.

electrocardiogram, ECG, or EKG

At the end of the isovolumetric contraction phase, the volume of blood in the ventricles is described as the _______.

end-diastolic volume

The Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the ______.

end-diastolic volume

The volume of blood in the ventricle just prior to systole is called ______.

end-diastolic volume

The lowest volume in the ventricles during the cardiac cycle would be the ______.

end-systolic volume

The volume of blood left in the ventricle after ventricular ejection is called the ______.

end-systolic volume

The three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial are the

endocardium myocardium epicardium

The layer of the heart wall indicated by the letter A on the figure is the ______.

epicardium

The layer of the heart wall indicated on the figure is the

epicardium

The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the

epicardium

Regulation of the heart that involves neural or hormonal control is called

extrinsic

In this image, the arrow indicates the ______ pericardium.

fibrous

The tough, outer connective tissue layer of the pericardium is called the

fibrous

The tough, outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds and anchors the heart is called the ______ pericardium.

fibrous

The fetal opening in the interatrial septum is referred to as the

foramen ovale

The Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 are channels in intercalated discs that allow ions to flow directly from the cytoplasm of one cardiocyte to another.

gap junctions or junction

The Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 of the intercalated discs allow the entire myocardium of both ventricles to contract as a unit.

gap junctions or junction

Channels in intercalated disks are ______.

gap junctions

The blood vessel that collects venous drainage from the left side of the heart and travels alongside the anterior interventricular artery is the

great cardiac

The vein indicated in the figure of the heart is the ______ vein.

great cardiac

The blood vessel that collects blood from the left side of the heart is the ______.

great cardiac vein

The number of times the heart contracts in 1 minute is referred to as the

heart rate

The parasympathetic nervous system's main effect on the heart is the decrease in ______.

heart rate

Electrical insulation between atria and ventricles is one function of the _______.

heart skeleton

Blood is ejected from the left ventricle because the pressure in the ventricle is ______ than the pressure in the aorta.

higher

Place the events of the baroreceptor reflex their correct order. Start with an increase in blood pressure.

1. an increase in blood pressure within the aorta stimulates an increase in frequency of action potential within the barorecptors 2. afferent signals sent to the medulla oblongata 3. sympathetic response decreases and parasympathetic response increase 4. heart rate and stroke volume decrease 5. response is a decrease in blood pressure

Put the following in order as seen on a standard ECG trace.

1. atrial depolarization 2. ventricular depolarization 3. ventricular depolarization

List the layers of the heart wall and the pericardium in order beginning with the deepest structure.

1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. visceral pericardium 4. pericardial cavity 5. parietal paricardium 6. fibrous pericardium

List the layers of the heart wall and associated membranes in order beginning with the most superficial structure.

1. fibrous pericardium 2. parietal paricardium 3. pericardial cavity 4. epicardium 5. myocardium 6. endocardium

List in order the structures of the cardiac conduction system, starting with the pacemaker.

1. sinoatrial (SA) node 2. atrioventricular (AV) node 3. atrioventricular (AV) bundle 4. right and left bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers 6. ventricular myocardium

What is a normal firing rate of the SA node for a healthy person at rest?

75

Which letter in the figure of thoracic organs indicates the superior vena cava?

A

Which letter in the illustration indicates the sinoatrial node?

A

Which letter indicates the coronary sulcus?

A

Which letter indicates the right lung?

A

Which letter indicates the small cardiac vein?

A

What is an ECG?

A recording of cardiac action potentials measured at the body's surface

At a given point in time, blood flows in the heart from ______.

both atria to both ventricles

The atrioventricular Blank 1 of 1 (one word) is an electrical pathway by which signals leave the AV node to move to the interventricular septum.

bundle

The electrical pathway by which signals leave the AV node to move to the interventricular septum is the atrioventricular _______.

bundle

The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is mainly due to the inflow of ______ ions.

calcium

Identify the ions that affect cardiac muscle function. Select all that apply.

calcium sodium potassium

The ions that affect cardiac muscle function are

calcium, Ca, Ca++, or Ca2+ sodium potassium

Elongated, branching cells with organized myofilaments, centrally located nuclei, and numerous gap junctions describes

cardiac

The sequence of events that begins with heart muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction is called the

cardiac cycle

The propagation of action potentials in Blank 1 of 2 muscle tissue is slower than Blank 2 of 2 muscle tissue, and involves stimulation of multiple cells, one after another.

cardiac skeletal

Extrinsic regulation of the heart requires involvement of ______.

the nervous system hormones

Cardiac output is equal to stroke volume ______ heart rate.

times

The valve found in the right side of the heart between the upper and lower chamber is the ______ valve.

tricuspid

The valve indicated by the letter A in the figure of the heart is the

tricuspid


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