A&P Exam 1

Design a flowchart or concept map summarizing the steps of protein synthesis. Be sure to identify where in a cell each step occurs

1. DNA transcription 2. mRNA leaves nucleus 3. mRNA interacts with ribosomes 4. RNA translation 5. RT proteins sent to ER for transprot and modification 6. Proteins sent to GOlgi 7. Packaged and sent to destination

List 4 categories of membrane receptors

1. Receptor-Channel 2. G-Protein Coupled 3. Receptor-Enzyme 4. Integrin-receptors

An ion widely important in intracellular signaling is A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chloride E. Cobalt

A. Calcium

Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are both used in A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. All of the above E. None of the above

A. Endocytosis

Identify each in the chart above Glucose -> (A) -> (B) -> Acetyl CoA -> (C) -> (D) -> (E) -> ATP

A. Glycolysis B. Pyruvate C. Citric acid cycle D. High energy electrons E. Electron transport system

The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ____________ adipose (fat) cells. A. Greater than B. Less than C. Equal to

A. Greater than

Enzymes increase reaction rate by A. Lowering the activation energy of a reaction B. Increasing the free energy in the products C. Raising the activation energy of a reaction D. Converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction

A. Lowering the activation energy of a reaction

The law of mass balance states: A. That is the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss B. That every action has an equal and opposite reaction C. That the total amount of energy in the universe is constant

A. That is the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

What is the function of: Enzymes A. Transfer signals from the extracellular environment to he cytoplasm of the cell B. Form cell-to-cell connections C. Bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. Ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein

A. Transfer signals from the extracellular environment to he cytoplasm of the cell

Lipophilic ligands induce slower cellular responses than lipophobic ligands A. True B. False

A. True

A receptor may have multiple ligands. Receptor ________ mimic the action of a signal molecule. Receptor ________ block the signal pathway. A. Activator, agonist B. Agonist, antagonist C. Antagonist, agonist D. Activator, agonist

B. Agonist, antagonist

Large molecules are brought into cells by ________. Large molecules leave cells through ________. A. Pinocytosis, endocytosis B. Endocytosis, exocytosis C. Exocytosis, mitocytosis D. Both A and B

B. Endocytosis, exocytosis

Gases cannot act as signaling molecules A. True B. False

B. False

What is the function of: Structural proteins A. Transfer signals from the extracellular environment to he cytoplasm of the cell B. Form cell-to-cell connections C. Bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. Ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein

B. Form cell-to-cell connections

The proteins synthesized in the rough ER are then sent o the A. Smooth ER for storage B. Golgi complex for packaging C. Lysosome for modification D. Cell membrane for secretion E. Nucleus for cellular use

B. Golgi complex for packaging

Red blood cells are in a buffer solution with an osmolarity of 200mOsM. The red blood cells have an osmolarity of 300 mOsM. The solutions is __________ to the cells. Water will move _________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic AA. Into the cells BB. Out of the cells CC. Not at all

B. Hypotonic AA. Into the cells

Receptors for signal pathways may be found int he _______, the _______, or the ________ of the cell. A. Mitochondria, nucleus, lysosome B. Nucleus, cytosol, cell membrane C. Cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, ribosome D. Cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus

B. Nucleus, cytosol, cell membrane

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? A. Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells B. Some cells lack the necessary receptors C. Some cells are completely without receptors D. Some cells are completely without ligands E. Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target

B. Some cells lack the necessary receptors

A competitive inhibitor binds to A. A region of the enzyme other than the active site B. The active site C. The substrate D. The product E. The surrounding tissue

B. The active site

Energy is defined as A. Doing tasks that make you feel tired B. The capacity to do work C. The light and heat from the sun D. Using glucose to synthesize ATP

B. The capacity to do work

Bonus: What is Dr. Booth's first name?

Brian

Complete the chemical reaction Combination A+B -> ___?___

C

Saturation occurs when A. Molecules are moved by the use of vesicles B. The energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond C. A group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate D. A preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates E. A carrier molecule has the ability to transport only on molecule or a group of closely related molecules

C. A group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate

Each is an example of homeostasis EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A. Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure B. A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels C. A ride in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus D. Increased blood sugar stimulated the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar E.A decrease in body temperature triggers a neural response that initiates physiological changes to increase body temperature

C. A ride in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus

What is the function of: Transporters A. Transfer signals from the extracellular environment to he cytoplasm of the cell B. Form cell-to-cell connections C. Bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. Ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein

C. Bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell

Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have _________ on their apical surface. A. Mitochondria B. Cilia or flagella C. Microvilli D. Junctional complexes E. Vesicles

C. Microvilli

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A. Prevent the external environment from changing B. Prevent the internal environment from changing C. Quickly restore changed conditions to normal D. Ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest E. Prevent excessive blood loss

C. Quickly restore changed conditions to normal

Fick's Law of Diffusion is A. Rate of movement = mass X volume / time B. Rate of diffusion = distance / voltage C. Rate of diffusion = surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability D. Rate of movement = surface are X yards X membrane potential

C. Rate of diffusion = surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability

The following are types of mediated transport EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A. Facilitated diffusion B. Primary active transport C. Simple diffusion D. Secondary active transport

C. Simple diffusion

A gap junction form when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called _________ on two adjacent cells unite, creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing

Connexins

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. Order them from smallest to largest A. Tissue B. Cell C. Organ D. Molecule E. Organism F. Organ System

D, B, A, C, F, E

Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces ________ molecules of ATP while anaerobic metabolism of glucose produces ______ molecules of ATP. A. 2, 30-32 B. 0, 16 C. 6, 6 D. 30-32, 2

D. 30-32, 2

The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often A. A hormone B. A membrane receptor molecule C. ATP D. A protein kinase E. Cholesterol

D. A protein kinase

Essential amino acids that are used to build proteins A. Exist in twenty six different configurations B. Are linked together by ionic chemical bonds in proteins C. Can be used medically for both diagnosis and treatment of diseases D. Are derived from the foods we eat and digest E. Can only be made by cells within out bodies

D. Are derived from the foods we eat and digest

Each amino acid differs from others in the A. Number of central carbon atoms B. Size of the amino group C. Number of carboxyl groups D. Chemical structure of the R group E. Number of peptide bonds in the molecule

D. Chemical structure of the R group

When a cell reaches equilibrium it is ___________. A. In homeostasis B. At neutral pH C. At steady state D. Dead

D. Dead

Hyposmotic solutions A. Have higher concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions B. Have lower concentrations of solutes than other hyper osmotic solutions C. Have the same concentration of solutes as hyperosmotic solutions D. Have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions E. None of the answers are correct

D. Have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions

What is the function of: Receptors A. Transfer signals from the extracellular environment to he cytoplasm of the cell B. Form cell-to-cell connections C. Bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. Ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein

D. Ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein

All but one of the structures below are a type of ell junction. Identify the exception. A. Desmosomes B. Tight junctions C. Gap junctions D. Loose junctions E. Adherens junctions

D. Loose junctions

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A. Ribosomes B. ER C. Nucleus D. Mitochondria E. Golgi apparatus

D. Mitochondria

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A. The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments B. The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production C. The inter membrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production D. The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA

D. The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA

Physiology is the study of A. Structure of the body B. The tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level C. Growth and reproduction D. The normal function of living organisms E. The facial features as an indication of personality.

D. The normal function of living organisms

Molecules that pass though epithelial cells use the ___________ route A. Intercellular B. Paracellular C. Extracellular D. Transcellular

D. Transcellular

Chemical reactions in a living system function to A. Only transfer energy from one molecule to another B. Create new energy C. Only use energy stored in a molecule D. Transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule

D. Transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule

Complete the chemical reaction _____?_______ C -> A+B

Decomposition

Membrane potential difference on chart (positive incline) is called

Depolarization

The organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of which molecules? A. Amino acids B. Nucleotides C. Glycerol D. Fatty Acids E. Both glycerol and fatty acids

E. Both glycerol and fatty acids

Nucleic acids are polymers of units called A. Amino acids B. Fatty acids C. Bases D. Ribose E. Nucleotides

E. Nucleotides

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A. Respond to extracellular molecules B. Creating junctions between cells C. Act as transport molecules for various solutes D. Anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E. Produce energy

E. Produce energy

Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This information implies that A. The two hormones bind to different cells surface receptors B. One hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor C. Each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger D. Both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus E. The two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger

E. The two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger

Name the two types of physiological signals.

Electrical Chemical

Define Wolf's Law

Form follows function

Membrane potential difference on chart (negative decline) is called

Hyperpolarization

Complete the chemical reaction Double Displacement _____?______ -> LY+MX

LX+MY

___________ signaling molecules bind to receptors on neighboring cells while ________ signaling molecules bind to receptors on the cells in which the signal originated.

Paracrine, Autocrine

List the four main families of biomolecules

Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

Membrane potential difference on chart (positive decline) is called

Repolarization

Complete the chemical reaction ____?____ L+MX -> ____?____

Single Displacement, LX+M

What is the smallest unit of life?

The cell