A&P EXAM 1
Which is the correct sequence of events when the RER delivers transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus? 1 - Small vesicles move material from one cisterna to the next. 2 - Enzymatic modification occurs. 3 - Arrival at the trans face. 4 - Arrival at a cisterna known as the cis face.
4, 2, 1, 3
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
4; 5
Which of the following events occurs during transcription?
A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question. A+B⟶Enzyme1C+D⟶Enzyme2E+F⟶Enzyme3G+H Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H?
Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.
According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect ?
All organisms are made of multiple cells.
Examine the following reactions. Which of the following is true about compound C?
C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2.
Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE?
Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.
Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?
DNA
Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.
DNA; proteins
Describe the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue.
Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.
Duplication of organelles and protein synthesis occur during which phase of interphase?
G1
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?
G1, S, and G2
Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the
Golgi apparatus.
Which of the following is an exchange reaction?
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+
Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement?
It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
Ph3
In the body, what type of functions do positive feedback loops perform?
Positive feedback loops operate when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.
When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement?
Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.
During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?
Synthesis
If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen?
The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.
Which would be expected to be true regarding reproductive system cells that synthesize steroid hormones?
These reproductive cells contain extensive SER, but the RER is relatively small.
Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis?
Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.
Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
Water acts as a reactant.
Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.
All of the following are characteristics of synovial membrane except that it
[x] is avascular. has no basement membrane. has gaps of up to 1 mm between adjacent cells. develops within a connective tissue. is continually exchanging fluid and solutes between its fluid and the blood.
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basal lamina.
In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte
Which intercellular attachment in epithelial cells locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions?
adhesion belt
A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.
Nuclear pores are not/do not:
allow proteins and DNA to freely cross the nuclear envelope.
The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.
apocrine
Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?
apocrine
The genetically programmed death of cells is called
apoptosis
Where does translation occur?
at the ribosomes
The glycocalyx:
binds to extracellular structures and is important in cell recognition and lubrication of the cell surface.
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that
cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
chloride
Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage.
collagen and elastic fibers
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
collagen, reticular, and elastic.
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.
Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction?
decomposition
What is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system?
defense against infection and disease
In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?
desmosomes
In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth?
digestion
Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?
epithelial
The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.
epithelial
Which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart?
epithelial tissue
If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
form the mitotic spindle.
Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?
forming the entire glycocalyx
The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are
genes
When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of
illness or disease.
Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?
in the DNA within the cell's nucleus
Unlike cartilage, bone
is highly vascular.
Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline?
lateral
Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition?
liver
Which organ system functions to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream?
lymphatic system
Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?
lysosomes
Which of the following functions in intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens?
lysosomes
Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?
mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.
Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?
mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.
Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur within the mitochondrion?
matrix
The terminal web is a layer of ______ just inside the plasma membrane.
microfilaments
Cilia and flagella contain 9 pairs of ________ surrounding a central pair.
microtubules
Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?
microtubules
Providing strength and moving materials within the cell is a function of the intermediate filaments and
microtubules.
All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except
muscle.
If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
negative
An alternate term for tumor is
neoplasm.
The components of ribosomes are synthesized by
nucleoli.
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
perichondrium.
What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?
phosphate heads of phospholipids
Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?
phospholipids
The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are
plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.
If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
positive
During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?
prophase
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which epithelial cells, found lining the nasal cavities and the trachea, typically possess cilia?
pseudostratified columnar
Ribosomes are composed of protein and
rRNA.
In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called?
reactants
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
receptor; control center (integrating center); effector
Which functional class of membrane proteins do cells of the immune system detect?
recognition proteins
The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.
reticular
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?
ribosome (nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm)
The site of translation is
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?
semipermeable
The kidney contains large quantities of ________ epithelium.
simple cuboidal
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter?
smooth muscle tissue
Identify the three basic components of connective tissue.
specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division.
stem
Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
steroid
Which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O
sucrose
Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute?
sugar
A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position.
supine
Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes?
synthesis reactions
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called
the lamina propria.
In dark-skinned individuals, __________.
the melanosomes are more numerous
What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"?
the packing or volume of fibers
All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________.
the reticular layer of the dermis underlies the papillary layer [x]the hypodermis is part of the dermis the papillary layer of the dermis underlies the epidermis the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________.
thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity
A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n)
tight junction.
Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen?
transverse
Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?
triggered by histamine, caused by increased endothelial permeability
Goblet cells are classified as
unicellular exocrine glands.
Which of the following structures cannot be viewed clearly with a compound light microscope?
viruses