A&P EXAM 1

Which is the correct sequence of events when the RER delivers transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus? 1 - Small vesicles move material from one cisterna to the next. 2 - Enzymatic modification occurs. 3 - Arrival at the trans face. 4 - Arrival at a cisterna known as the cis face.

4, 2, 1, 3

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.

4; 5

Which of the following events occurs during transcription?

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question. A+B⟶Enzyme1C+D⟶Enzyme2E+F⟶Enzyme3G+H Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H?

Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.

According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect ?

All organisms are made of multiple cells.

Examine the following reactions. Which of the following is true about compound C?

C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2.

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE?

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation?

DNA

Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.

DNA; proteins

Describe the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue.

Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.

Duplication of organelles and protein synthesis occur during which phase of interphase?

G1

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?

G1, S, and G2

Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the

Golgi apparatus.

Which of the following is an exchange reaction?

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+

Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement?

It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

Ph3

In the body, what type of functions do positive feedback loops perform?

Positive feedback loops operate when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.

When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement?

Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.

During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?

Synthesis

If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen?

The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.

Which would be expected to be true regarding reproductive system cells that synthesize steroid hormones?

These reproductive cells contain extensive SER, but the RER is relatively small.

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis?

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

Water acts as a reactant.

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

All of the following are characteristics of synovial membrane except that it

[x] is avascular. has no basement membrane. has gaps of up to 1 mm between adjacent cells. develops within a connective tissue. is continually exchanging fluid and solutes between its fluid and the blood.

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basal lamina.

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

Which intercellular attachment in epithelial cells locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions?

adhesion belt

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

Nuclear pores are not/do not:

allow proteins and DNA to freely cross the nuclear envelope.

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

apocrine

Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?

apocrine

The genetically programmed death of cells is called

apoptosis

Where does translation occur?

at the ribosomes

The glycocalyx:

binds to extracellular structures and is important in cell recognition and lubrication of the cell surface.

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.

cardiac muscle

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that

cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

chloride

Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage.

collagen and elastic fibers

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic.

The three types of connective tissue include

connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction?

decomposition

What is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system?

defense against infection and disease

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

desmosomes

In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth?

digestion

Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?

epithelial

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart?

epithelial tissue

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to

form the mitotic spindle.

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?

forming the entire glycocalyx

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are

genes

When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of

illness or disease.

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

Unlike cartilage, bone

is highly vascular.

Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline?

lateral

Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition?

liver

Which organ system functions to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream?

lymphatic system

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?

lysosomes

Which of the following functions in intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens?

lysosomes

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing?

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA?

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur within the mitochondrion?

matrix

The terminal web is a layer of ______ just inside the plasma membrane.

microfilaments

Cilia and flagella contain 9 pairs of ________ surrounding a central pair.

microtubules

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?

microtubules

Providing strength and moving materials within the cell is a function of the intermediate filaments and

microtubules.

All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except

muscle.

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

negative

An alternate term for tumor is

neoplasm.

The components of ribosomes are synthesized by

nucleoli.

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

perichondrium.

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?

phospholipids

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are

plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system.

positive

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?

prophase

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which epithelial cells, found lining the nasal cavities and the trachea, typically possess cilia?

pseudostratified columnar

Ribosomes are composed of protein and

rRNA.

In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called?

reactants

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

Which functional class of membrane proteins do cells of the immune system detect?

recognition proteins

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell?

ribosome (nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm)

The site of translation is

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

semipermeable

The kidney contains large quantities of ________ epithelium.

simple cuboidal

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.

simple squamous

Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter?

smooth muscle tissue

Identify the three basic components of connective tissue.

specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division.

stem

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

steroid

Which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O

sucrose

Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute?

sugar

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position.

supine

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes?

synthesis reactions

The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called

the lamina propria.

In dark-skinned individuals, __________.

the melanosomes are more numerous

What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"?

the packing or volume of fibers

All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________.

the reticular layer of the dermis underlies the papillary layer [x]the hypodermis is part of the dermis the papillary layer of the dermis underlies the epidermis the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________.

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n)

tight junction.

Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen?

transverse

Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true?

triggered by histamine, caused by increased endothelial permeability

Goblet cells are classified as

unicellular exocrine glands.

Which of the following structures cannot be viewed clearly with a compound light microscope?

viruses