World Civilization Ch. 23

What role did socialists parties play in improving conditions for the working class?

As socialists parties grew, agitation for an international organization that would strengthen their positions against international capitalism.

How did Japan become an industrial nation? What was one of the earliest industrial factories in Japan?

By the imperial government taking lead in promoting industry. The Tomioka silk factory, built in the 1870s.

Why did female prostitution rise in European cities in the late 19th century?

Many lower-class women were forced to become prostitutes to survive. The rural, working-class girls were often naïve and vulnerable. Employment was unstable, and wages were low. No longer protected by family or village community and church.

Which European nation was the least advanced industrially?

Spain

What was the Second Industrial Revolution? What new products emerged in the Second Industrial Revolution? What effect did the Second Industrial Revolution have on European economic and social life?

Stunning material growth: Steel, Chemicals, Electricity & Petroleum; the Internal Combustion Engine. The second Industrial Revolution transformed the human environment, dazzled Europeans, and led them to believe that there material progress meant human progress. Scientific and technological achievements were believed to improve humanity and solve human problems.

How did the Second Industrial Revolution have an impact on women? (read the excerpt on page 698)

The Second Industrial Revolution had an enormous impact on the position of women in the labor market. Many women living without family support turned to prostitution to survive. The increase in prostitution lead to the spread of venereal diseases, promoting public health officials to call for laws against prostitution.

What roles did trade union play in improving conditions for the working classes?

Trade unions function as mutual aid societies. The desire to improve their working and living situations led many industrial workers to form political parties and labor unions based on the ideas of Karl Marx. Attempt to organize the workers didn't come until after unions had won the right to strike in the 1870s.

How did Europe dominate the world economy during this period?

With its capital, industries, and military might, Europe dominated the world economy by the end of the nineteenth century.

Define mass society. (Read the excerpt on page 693)

Any society of the modern era that possesses a mass culture and large-scale, impersonal, social institutions. A society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties The concerns of the majority play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower class & mass education.

Describe Germany industrial leadership.

As a result of its early lead in industrialization, Britain had already established industrial plants and found it more difficult to shift to the new techniques of the Second Industrial Revolution. As later entrants to the industrial age, the Germans could build the latest and the most efficient plants.

What was the anarchist movement?

A movement prominent in less industrialized and less democratic countries. Early anarchists believed that people were inherently good but had been corrupted by the state and society. True freedom could be achieved only by abolishing the state and all existing social institutions.

How did the living conditions improve during the progressive era?

After urban reformers such as Edwin Chadwhick, Rudolph Vichrow, and Solomon Neumann pointed out the filthy living conditions as the primary source of epidemic disease, and urged sanitary reforms to correct the problem. New building regulations made it more difficult for private contractors to build shitty houses. The Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain is an example. - clean water - mammoth underground pipes - creation of public parks

What was evolutionary socialism? How did Eduard Bernstein challenge Marx's class struggle?

Evolutionary Socialism (Revisionism) - the imminent collapse of capitalism and the need for socialist ownership of the means of production. Bernstein challenged Marxist orthodoxy with his book Evolutionary Socialism in which he argued that Marx had made some fundamental mistakes and that socialists needed to stress cooperation and evolution rather than class conflict and revolution.

What was the women's role in the 19th century?( Read the excerpt on page 708-709)

In the 19th century women were expected to take care of the house, children, and the family. They did the maintenance while the men went out to work. For example they were to cook, clean, and care for the child. Women were also not allowed to socialize in their free time, instead they were to find other things to do around the house such as sewing and do the laundry.

What was the Housing Venture of Octavia Hill?

Octavia Hill was a british housing reformer who believed that workers and their families were entitled to happy homes. At the same time, she was convinced that the poor needed guidance and encouragement, not charity. She rehabilitated some old dwellings and constructed new ones to create housing for 3500 tenants.

What were protective tariffs and cartels?

Protective tariffs - duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods, usually to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries. Guaranteed domestic markets for the products of their own industries. Cartels - independent enterprises that worked together to control prices and fix production quotas, thereby restraining the kind of competition that led to reduced prices.

What were the causes of European emigration to America?

The booming economies of North America after 1898 and cheap shipping fares after 1990 led to mass emigration at the beginning of the twentieth century.

What was the main cause of population growth in Europe between 1850 and 1880? Why did the population decline after 1880?

The main cause of the population increase was a rising birthrate. After 1880, a noticeable decline in death rates largely explains the increase in population. The two major factors of this decline: medical discoveries & environmental conditions.

Describe the European middle-class families during the late 19th century.

The middle class during the late 19th century consist of 80 percent of the population who was working and maintaining from becoming poor. The middle class was so big that it was broken down into high-middle class, middle-middle class that includes the industrial managers, the doctors, and lawyers. Also the lower-middle class that included their unskilled workers that was struggling to feed their families and survive.