A&P EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

The husband of a patient who is critically ill asks, "Why do they keep checking my wife's pH? Isn't knowing her oxygen level enough?" What is the best response?

"Many of her body's systems only work properly when her pH is within a narrow range, so we monitor it carefully."

define histology

- microscopic anatomy or microanatomy → branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological TISSUES Visual art of recognizing the structure of cells and tissues and understanding how this is determined by their function

define cytology & give an example

-the scientific study of CELLS Diagnosis of diseases and conditions through examination of tissue samples from the body EX. Pap smear → cervical smear

3 body planes and sections

1. Sagittal Plane - Midsaggittal (median) and Parasagittal Sagittal (longitudinal plane): an anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts. Parasagittal: any plane that divides the body into left and right portions, parallel to the sagittal plane, but not directly in the midline. Midsagittal: Median, vertical longitudinal plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left halves. 2. Frontal (coronal) plane - Produces a frontal or coronal section 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane - produces a cross section

chem vocab

A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation is a polyunsaturated lipid. A bond in which valence electrons are shared is called covalent. Hydrolysis is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water. The process of building up large molecules from small components is a(n) anabolic process. If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart, it is a(n) exergonic reaction.

explain and give an. example of positive feedback

ALWAYS stimulus intensity increases As long as the stimulus exists Example → Contractions during labor The contractions increase and intensify until the baby is outside of the birth canal When the stimulus to the pressure receptors ends, oxytocin production stops and labor contractions cease

Which of the following is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? DNA adenine ATP NADH

ATP

Which of the following is NOT a way to distinguish an acid from a base? An acidic substance will have a sticky feel. A basic substance will have a bitter taste. A basic substance will have a slippery feel. An acidic substance will have a sour taste.

An acidic substance will have a sticky feel.

define anatomical position

Anatomical position → the position with the body erect with arms at the sides and the palms forward

Compare anatomy and physiology. Explain how the studies of form and function are interrelated

Anatomy → study the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts Physiology → study of how the body and its parts work or function Pathophysiology → study of functions as impacted by disease or injury

Which of the following is true of atoms? Atoms of any given element will differ from those of all other elements and provide its unique physical and chemical properties. Depending upon the number of neutrons, an atom may possess a positive, negative, or neutral electrical charge. An atom will always display a negative electrical charge. Atoms are composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks, called elements.

Atoms of any given element will differ from those of all other elements and provide its unique physical and chemical properties.

inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure of the body; below

Define anatomical position

Body erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

digestive system body systems

Digestive System → oral cavity / esophagus / liver / stomach / small intestine / large intestine / rectum / anus Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells Absorbed food → circulation → blood → tissue → cell Undigested food is eliminated from the body Accessory organs Liver / teeth / salivary glands / pancreas

dorsal body cavity contains

Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial cavity → brain Spinal cavity / vertebral cavity → spinal cord

dorsal

Dorsal: of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

endocrine system body systems

Endocrine System → pineal gland / pituitary gland / thyroid gland / thymus / adrenal gland / pancreas / testicles / ovaries Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes by body cells Growth Reproduction Nutrient use (metabolism)

Explain how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback

Explain how homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback Negative feedback Always opposing the stimulus intensity Variable increases → oppose the effect → signal to decrease the effect Glucose increases above normal range A SIgnal will be sent to effector organ to decrease blood sugar levels Insulin will be produced Moves glucose into the cell from blood Blood sugar level returns back to normal Low body temp Hypothalamus Send a signal to effector organ → skin Send information to skeletal muscle → shivering Skin → goosebumps Smooth muscle → vasoconstriction

Polar molecules are electrically balanced as a result of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules. True False

False - to make it true it would be non-polar

The prefix an- means

The prefix an- means not, without, or upward.

prefix co- means

The prefix co- means with, together, or shared.

the prefix ex means

The prefix ex- means out of or away from.

the prefix hydr- means

The prefix hydr- means water, hydrogen, or accumulation of fluid.

prefix poly means

The prefix poly- means many, several, or polymer.

anatomical terms ; Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the structure of the body; above

Enzymes are unchanged in a reaction; they can be reused, and are NOT needed in large quantities. True False

True

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.

urinary system body systems

Urinary System → kidney / ureter / urinary bladder / urethra Removal of nitrogenous waste materials During cell production body produces nitrogenous substances Kidney → electrolyte / water / acid base balance Adrenal cortex → produces aldosterone to help with electrolyte balance Reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium Water balance Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Pituitary gland Increases water absorption in the kidney Acid base balance → reabsorb HCO3 - / secrete H+ Body acidic → H+ increases The kidney will recreate the H+ ion concentration and reabsorb the HCO3 concentration Body alkaline → H+ decreases The body will reabsorb H+ and secrete HCO3

ventral body cavity contains

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity → heart / lungs Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity Pleural Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity → digestive viscera / stomach / intestine / pancreas / liver Pelvic Cavity → urinary bladder / reproductive organs / rectum

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

Which of the following does NOT represent an accurate hierarchy in the natural combination of matter? Protons, neutrons, and electrons compose atoms, which chemically bond with other atoms to form molecules. Mixtures are substances composed of two or more components physically blended. A molecule contains two or more atoms. When two or more similar kinds of atoms bind, they form an isotope.

When two or more similar kinds of atoms bind, they form an isotope.

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?

alkaline solution

Which term best describes the metabolic process of cells making more complex molecules from simpler substances? digestion excretion catabolism anabolism

anabolism right answer feedback:Anabolic reactions occur when more complex molecules are made from simpler substances.

anterior/posterior

anterior: Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior: Toward or at the back of the body; behind

If the pH or temperature of the environment that contains a protein is altered dramatically, then the protein may __________. take on a quaternary structure become denatured become overly active take on an α-helical structure

become denatured

ventral

belly side, front

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

chloride

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?

covalent, ionic , hydrogen

What subdivision of physiology focuses on disease?

cytology Diagnosis of diseases and conditions through examination of tissue samples from the body EX. Pap smear → cervical smear

microscopic anatomy

examines structures not visible to the unaided eye

Electrons bear a positive charge equal in strength to the negative charge of the proton. True False

false

True or false: In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount.

false

true or false Polar molecules are electrically balanced as a result of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.

false

Something with a pH of 5 would __________. be described as being neutral have more H+ ions than OH- ions be described as being basic have fewer H+ ions than OH- ions

have more h+ ions than OH- IONS

The pH scale __________.

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?

only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

pH of 3

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?

polar covalent bonds

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic elements that compose approximately 96% of a human's body weight? potassium carbon hydrogen oxygen

potassium

The median, or midsagittal, plane __________. divides the body into left and right parts that are parallel to, and therefore not directly on, the midline divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions in the horizontal plane divides the body in two equal left and right sides along the midline cuts the body diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

right answer feedback:A midsagittal section divides the body in left and right sides along the midline.

Which of the following is/are housed in the orbital cavity? olfactory epithelium eye teeth middle ear ossicles

right answer feedback:Eyes are housed in the orbital cavity.

Which of the following does NOT represent correct positioning when placing the body in the anatomical position? The feet are slightly apart. The palms are facing forward. The body is "standing at attention." The thumbs are pointing medially.

right answer feedback:In the anatomical position, the thumbs point outwards, or laterally.

All the following are true about serous fluid EXCEPT that __________. it is secreted by both visceral and parietal serosa it fills the potential space between the visceral and parietal serosa it increases the friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated it allows freedom of movement between the two layers of serosa

right answer feedback:Serous fluiddecreasesthe friction produced by the movement of the organs with which it is associated.

The body's ability to provide nutrients to target tissues is a cooperative effort between which two body systems? digestive and urinary integumentary and lymphatic nervous and endocrine digestive and cardiovascular

right answer feedback:The digestive system breaks down nutrients, while the cardiovascular system delivers those nutrients to target tissues.

The body cavity that houses the lungs is known as the __________. pelvic cavity cranial cavity pericardial cavity pleural cavity

right answer feedback:The pleural cavity is where the lungs are located.

The cavity between articulating bones at most joints is known as the __________. orbital cavity retroperitoneal cavity pleural cavity synovial cavity

right answer feedback:The synovial cavity lies between articulating bones at most joints in the body.

Which of the following is/are NOT included in the axial part of the body? the neck the trunk the upper limbs the head

right answer feedback:The upper limbs are included in the appendicular part of the body.

If you know that the appendix lies in the right lower part of the trunk, you could also say it lies in the __________. right inguinal region hypogastric region right hypochondriac region umbilical region

right answer feedback:This is the medical term for the lower right area of the trunk.

Buffers __________. build carbohydrates are strong acids serve as an energy source for a cell stabilize pH

stabalize pH

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

steroid

define physiology

study of how the body and its parts work or function

define anatomy

study the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts

Which of the following types of chemical reactions always involves atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule? decomposition catabolic synthesis hydrolysis

synthesis

In an ionic bond, __________. -shared neutrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms within a molecule -a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen), is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a bridge forms between them -atoms share electrons equally -there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

All organic molecules contain carbon. True False

true

TRUE OR FALSE The major function of RNA is to carry out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.

true

The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. True False

true

true or false: All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts.

true

In biochemistry, and thus in the body, the universal solvent is __________. alcohol blood oxygen lymph water

water

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

water acts as a reactant

integumentary system body systems

Integumentary System → hair / skin / nails Forms the external body covering Protects tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Houses cutaneous receptors / sweat / oil glands Pain / pressure

Which of the following is true of an isotope? Isotopes have the same number of neutrons but differ in the number of protons they contain. Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain. Isotopes exist only for a few elements. All isotopes of a given element are found in equal amounts in nature.

Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

body cavities

List the major body cavities and the organs found in each Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial cavity → brain Spinal cavity / vertebral cavity → spinal cord Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity → heart / lungs Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity Pleural Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity → digestive viscera / stomach / intestine / pancreas / liver Pelvic Cavity → urinary bladder / reproductive organs / rectum

List three types of serous membranes and where they are found

List three types of serous membranes and where they are found Pericardial (1) → surrounds the heart Peritoneal (1) → surrounds most organs of the abdomen Pleural (2) → surrounds the lungs

Lymphatic system body systems

Lymphatic System → red bone marrow / thymus / lymphatic vessels / thoracic duct / spleen / lymph nodes Picks up fluid in tissue space When blood comes out of the blood vessels and supplies the tissues When it goes back into circulation → we lose fluid The fluid has to be picked up in order to maintain blood pressure Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses WBC involved in immunity Thymus Helps absorb large molecules (pore size is larger) Pituitary Gland Master gland Adrenal Gland Releases cortisol Electrolyte absorption

necessary life functions

Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Which of the following is a property of matter? The weight of matter remains constant wherever the object is. In all cases, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Mass of an object can change depending upon a variety of factors, including gravitational pull, atmospheric pressure, and temperature. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state.

Matter can exist in a solid, liquid or gaseous state

medial/ lateral

Medial: Toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Muscular System body systems

Muscular System → skeletal muscles Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions Maintains posture Produces heat

nervous system body systems

Nervous System → brian / spinal cord / nerves Fast acting control system of the body Response to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

define normal range

Normal range → characteristic of 95% of values from a normal population

proximal/ distal

Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal: Further from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

define receptor

Receptor → biological transducers that convert energy from both external and internal environments into electrical impulses They may be massed together → sense organ → eye / ear They may be scattered → skin / viscera

define components of a homeostatic system

Receptor → can sense change in external or internal change Receptors that can respond to the stimulus Control center = brain Control of homeostasis = nervous system / endocrine system Normal range Response to effector organ All types of muscles Glands Brings the change that came from the control system Receptors Skin Internal organs Joints Interactions to maintain homeostasis Stimulus → receptor → input → response → effector organ → change is made

reproductive system M&F body systems

Reproductive System Male → prostate (gland) / penis / testicles / scrotum / ductus deferens Tesitcles produce sperm / testosterone Maintain the mall reproductive function / sexual behavior MAle ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract Female → mammary glands (in breasts) / ovary / uterus / vagina / uterine tube (fallopian tube) Ovary produces estrogen / progesterone Maintains sexual function Helps during gestation Mammary gland produces milk to nourish newborn

respiratory system body systems

Respiratory System → nasal cavity / pharynx / larynx / trachea / bronchus / lung Maintains pH balance Keeps blood constantly supplied with O2 and removes CO2 Respiratory rate low → CO2 will react with our body fluid and make H2CO3 (acid) Body alkaline → respiratory rate decreases Body acidic → more H+ concentration Increase respiratory rate to maintain pH Get rid of CO2 → H+ will go down Keeps blood supplied with O2

Define set point

Set point → level or point at which a variable psychological state (such as body temperature or weight) tends to stabilize

skeletal system body systems

Skeletal System → bones / joints Protects and supports body organs Provides framework the muscles use to cause movement Blood cells are formed within bones Bone marrow Bones store minerals

superficial/ deep

Superficial: Toward or at the body surface; external Deep: Away from body surface; internal

Colloids (emulsions) are heterogeneous mixtures. True False

TRUE

cardiovascular system body systems

Cardiovascular System → heart / blood vessels Blood vessels transport blood Carries O2 / CO2 / nutrients / water Heart pumps blood

Caudal

Caudal: at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body.

cephalad

Cephalad: Toward the head or anterior end of the body

regional terms (lab)

Cephalon (cephalic): head region, encompasses → frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, and mental Oculus(orbital): head region, eye socket bone structure Bucca (buccal): head region, relating to the cheek/side of the mouth Mentis (mental): head region, relating to the chin Nasus (nasal): head region, external midline projection from the face Oris (oral): head region, mouth → encompasses lips, cheek, tongue, teeth Cervicis (cervical): neck region, of or relating to the neck Scapula (scapular): back/dorsal region, technical term for shoulder blade Axilla (axillary): thoracic region, technical term for armpit Shoulder (acromial): upper limb region, outer end of the spine of the scapula → forms angle of shoulder Brachium (brachial): upper limb region, relating to the arm (arm) Antecubitis (antecubital): upper limb region, at the bend of the elbow, anterior side Antebrachium (antebrachial): upper limb region, forearm Manus (manual): hand Sternum (sternal): at the center of the chest Abdomen (abdominal): lower region of truck, below thoracic/above pelvis Umbilicus (umbilical): center of abdomen Lumbus (lumbar): lower back region Dorsum (dorsal): back → encompasses scapular, vertebral, lumbar, saral, gluteal, perineal Gluteus (gluteal): Butt region Pubis (pubic): Genital region Inguen (inguinal): Groin Femur(femoral): Thigh Patella (patellar): Knee Popliteus (popliteal): back of the knee Calcaneus (calcaneal): Foot region relating to the heel Crus (crural): Leg region relating to the entire leg Sura (sural): Leg region relating to the calf Carpus (carpal): Hand region relating to the wrist Tarsus (Tarsal): Foot region relating to the ankle Pes (Foot): Foot region relating to the entire foot Pollex (thumb): Hand region relating to the thumb Hallux (great toe): Foot region relating to the big toe

describe the levels of organization

Chemical level → atoms combine to form molecules Cellular level → Cells are made of molecules Organelles Tissue level → tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle cells to smooth muscle tissue Organ level → organs are made up of different types of tissues Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ system level → Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Organism level → the human organism is made up of many organ systems

define control center

Control center → body structure that determines the normal range of the variable or set point Effector is the cell / tissue / organ that responds to signals from the control center Providing a response to the stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis

Which of the following is FALSE regarding DNA? DNA provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by RNA. The DNA molecule is coiled into a spiral staircase-like structure called a double helix. DNA replicates itself before cell division, ensuring that all genetic information in the descendant cells is identical.

DNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by RNA.